Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019829 (Hodgkin's disease)
 30,247 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Although the term thymic hyperplasia is used most commonly to indicate the occurrence of germinal centers in the thymus, cognizance must be taken of the fact that such centers may occur in apparently normal thymuses in both children and adults. A concept of thymic compartmentalization is proposed with origin of germinal centers in the perivascular space (extraparenchymal compartment) of the thymus. These germinal centers contain a high percentage of B lymphocytes in contrast to the true thymic parenchyma. Although the significance of germinal centers in the thymus parenchyma. Although the significance of germinal centers in the thymus in myasthenia gravis remains controversial, removal of nonneoplastic thymus in this condition is of proven therapeutic value. A variety of neoplasms originating in the thymus have previously been lumped together under the single term "thymoma." It is apparent, however, that thymoma, thymic carcinoid, various lymphomas, and germ cell tumors that arise in the thymus differ not only pathologically but also in their clinical behavior. Thymoma is regarded as an epithelial neoplasm and ultrastucturally is characterized by many desmosomes and tonofilaments. The lymphocytes do not behave in a malignant manner, and lymphomas of the thymus should be sharply separated from true thymoma. Poorly differentiated thymic carcinoma and histiocytic lymphoma may be distinguishable only by the electron microscopic demonstration of desmosomes and filaments in the thymic carcinoma. The evidence that Hodgkin's disease of the thymus ("granulomatous thymoma") is not a variant of thymoma appears overwhelming. Lymphoblastic lymphoma of the thymus is a distinctive neoplasm that is especially prevalent in teenage males. High levels of terminal transferase characterize the lymphoblasts and there is a striking tendency for leukemia to occur. Thymic carcinoid is usually nonfunctional, although one-third of the reported cases are associated with Cushing's syndrome. On light microscopy a ribbon pattern and punctate necroses are characteristic of thymic carcinoids. Electron microscopic demonstration of many dense core granules is invaluable in establishing this diagnosis. An important clue to the diagnosis of thymic seminoma (a neoplasm that shows the same radiosensitivity as its testicular counterpart) is the frequent presence of epithelioid and giant cell granulomas and germinal centers. Separation of the various thymic neoplasms described not only is justifiable on pathologic grounds but is often essential for appropriate patient investigation and treatment.
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PMID:Thymic hyperplasia and neoplasia: a review of current concepts. 36 41

Interferons produced by recombinant DNA technology began phase I trials little more than a decade ago. Today interferon alfa-2 is a mainstay in the treatment of hairy cell leukemia, and has demonstrated benefit in the more common chronic myelogenous leukemia. Interferon alfa-2 also has activity in other hematologic malignancies, including indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, cutaneous T-cell lymphomas, T-cell lymphoma, and multiple myeloma, and in solid tumors such as disseminated melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, endocrine pancreatic tumors, and malignant carcinoid tumors. Interferon alfa, beta, and gamma remain under investigation to define potential roles in ovarian, breast, bladder, and cervical carcinomas and gliomas. The greatest value of the interferons will be in prolonging the disease-free interval when used in combination with other treatment modalities, including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and other biologic agents.
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PMID:Current status of interferons in the treatment of cancer. 128 Jan 53

Ten cases of rare breast tumors are reported along with review of the literature. Three of the patients had cystosarcoma phylloides, one a primary carcinoid of the breast, two metastasis to the breast (bronchus carcinoma and carcinoma of the maxillary sinus), two malignant lymphoma and two Hodgkin lymphoma of the breast. We present a discussion of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures of breast tumors. Specially in rare breast tumors an exact histological diagnosis is important in order to avoid unnecessary surgical treatment and to guide further therapy.
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PMID:[Ten cases of rare breast tumors. Review and surgical management]. 152 30

Interferons are currently the most widely used biological response modifiers. They are of high clinical value in haematological malignancies (chronic myelogenous leukaemia, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma), in solid tumours (malignant melanoma, hypernephroma, pancreas neoplasms, carcinoid tumours, Kaposi's sarcoma, glioma, in ovarium, cervix and bladder carcinoma, and in basalioma) and in infectious diseases (chronic hepatitis B, chronic non-A/non-B hepatitis, chronic delta hepatitis, AIDS, Papova virus and Rhinovirus infections, leishmaniasis, leprosy) and some other conditions. Although the mechanism of action of interferons has not been explained in every detail these agents are promising therapeutic means in a number of diseases.
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PMID:Role of interferon in clinical practice. 172 32

The aim of the study was to evaluate what family characteristics and what morphological, functional and immunological changes of the gastric mucosa precede the development of gastric malignancy in a follow-up of 11-14 years. The material consisted of 301 first-degree relatives of gastric carcinoma patients, 183 relatives of pernicious anaemia patients, and of 358 control relatives of probands computer matched from the general population by age and sex for the carcinoma probands. All subjects were endoscopically examined in 1973-1976 and followed up to the end of 1987. According to cancer registry data, 11 cases of malignant gastric tumours (9 carcinomas, one carcinoid tumour and one anaplastic tumour with suspicion of Hodgkin's disease) had been diagnosed during the follow-up: 6 belonged to gastric carcinoma, 2 to pernicious anaemia and 3 to control families. The occurrence of malignancy was significantly related to the presence of advanced gastritis with atrophy and of intestinal metaplasia before the start of the follow-up. In relatives with achlorhydria and low serum pepsinogen I levels the incidence of malignancy did not significantly differ from that in controls of similar age and sex distribution. The risk of getting malignancy was about four-fold in female members of gastric carcinoma and pernicious anaemia families but was not increased in control families. The risk was increased only in female members and concerned only gastric malignancy being the expected one or even lower than the expected in regard to malignancies of other location.
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PMID:Characteristics of gastric mucosa which precede occurrence of gastric malignancy: results of long-term follow-up of three family samples. 175 23

180 sonographically guided percutaneous biopsies in a variety of anatomic regions (abdomen, 110; thorax, 33; neck, 28; breast, 4; extremity, 5) were retrospectively reviewed to evaluate the percentage of correct histologic diagnoses of malignant tumours. A positive diagnosis of malignancy was established in 101 (96%) of 107 malignant tumours. A correct histologic classification was achieved in 79 (73%) of 108 malignant tumours by means of cytologic and histologic examination of the tissue acquired. Correct histologic classification of malignant tumours depends on several factors including a) needle diameter, b) location of the tumour, c) clinical constellation and, most important d) the complexion of the tumour histology. The percentage of correct histological diagnoses varied between carcinomas (79%), Hodgkin lymphomas (100%), non-Hodgkin lymphomas (45%), sarcomas (50%) and carcinoid tumours (0%). Histological classification of malignant tumours by means of percutaneous biopsy can be improved by multiple biopsies of different portions of the tumour and by using larger cutting needles.
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PMID:[The potentials and limits of percutaneous needle biopsy in the histological classification of malignant tumors]. 176 96

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was measured in 50 consecutive fine-needle aspirates of liver to determine whether elevated levels could predict the presence of carcinoma in cytologically negative aspirates. There were 44 malignant and 6 benign lesions. The highest mean CEA values (591-672 ng/ml) were obtained in metastatic adenocarcinoma of the colon, stomach, and pancreas; lower levels (13.5-151 ng/ml) were found in metastatic carcinoma from the breast and lung. Carcinoid, hepatoma, Hodgkin's disease, and benign liver aspirates had low (less than 5 ng/ml) CEA levels. Cytologic diagnosis of malignancy was 96% sensitive and 100% specific. Using 5 ng as a cutoff for malignancy, the overall sensitivity of CEA for detection of malignancy was 77%; for detection of adenocarcinoma alone, sensitivity was 85%. Specificity was 100%. The CEA content of fine-needle aspirates generally exceeded serum values by 10-100-fold. Although CEA content did not enhance the sensitivity of cytologic diagnosis, it may suggest metastatic carcinoma of the GI tract in patients presenting with adenocarcinoma of an unknown primary source.
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PMID:Carcinoembryonic antigen in fine-needle aspirate of liver: a diagnostic adjunct to cytology. 202 78

Glycoproteins isolated from human milk fat globule membranes, designated epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), have been detected immunohistochemically in most nonneoplastic epithelia and are potentially a highly effective marker for establishing the epithelial nature of neoplastic cells. With commercially available monoclonal antibodies and an indirect immunoperoxidase technique, EMA localization was evaluated in paraffin-embedded tissues from a wide variety of neoplasms (320 specimens). Adenocarcinomas from various primary sites (breast, lung, colon, stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, prostate, endocrine glands, ovary, kidney, thyroid) were immunoreactive for EMA in 88 of 97 cases (91 per cent). Cytoplasmic and apical luminal membrane staining were the most common patterns of immunoreactivity, with peripheral membrane staining or other patterns also seen in some neoplasms. Squamous cell (13 of 13 cases) and transitional cell (12 of 12 cases) carcinomas, small cell anaplastic carcinomas (12 of 12 cases), and mesotheliomas (six of six cases) were also uniformly EMA-positive. Malignant lymphomas of the Hodgkin's (15 cases) and non-Hodgkin's types (74 cases), except for the true histiocytic lymphomas and occasional T-cell lymphomas, were nonreactive for EMA. Neoplastic and nonneoplastic plasma cells showed variable EMA positivity. Endocrine neoplasms (17 cases), including carcinoid tumors, medullary carcinoma of thyroid, adrenocortical carcinomas and pheochromocytomas, and germ cell tumors (eight cases, embryonal carcinoma and seminoma), and a wide variety of soft tissue tumors (27 cases) generally lacked immunoreactivity for EMA; the exceptions to this finding were synovial sarcomas and an epithelioid sarcoma. Malignant melanomas (eight cases) were typically nonreactive. Based on the observations in this large series of neoplasms, EMA is an excellent marker of epithelial differentiation, appears to be highly reliable for discriminating between poorly differentiated carcinomas and malignant lymphomas, and is especially helpful in characterizing small cell anaplastic carcinomas. Epithelial membrane antigen immunoreactivity is well preserved in paraffin sections of routinely processed tissues, facilitating application of this technique in diagnostic surgical pathology.
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PMID:Epithelial membrane antigen--a diagnostic discriminant in surgical pathology: immunohistochemical profile in epithelial, mesenchymal, and hematopoietic neoplasms using paraffin sections and monoclonal antibodies. 299 53

Twenty-eight patients with malignant tumors of the thymus were surgically treated during the 15-year period from 1969 to 1984. Twenty-six patients had far advanced disease when treatment was began. Of fifteen patients with malignant thymoma, the tumors were successfully removed in five patients by using the technique of combined resection of SVC. Of two patients with carcinoid, one is alive and another died two years after extended operation. Of two patients with malignant lymphoma, one with non Hodgkin's disease died three years after operation, and the other with Hodgkin's disease is alive with tumor bearing. It is important to distinguish malignant lymphoma from other types of thymic tumors, because chemo-radiotherapy is superior to surgical therapy. Of nine patients with germ cell tumor, two patients with seminoma have been well for 11 and 5 years. CDDP and radiotherapy were effective on their long survival. Three patients with embryonal carcinoma responded well to combined surgical and chemo-radiotherapy. But only one of them is alive with tumor free one year after operation. Prosthetic grafts were employed in 7 cases for replacement of the innominate and superior caval vein. Angiogram taken one month after operation disclosed the overall patency rate with 92% and the longest patent period confirmed was 4 years. Extended operation by using the prosthetic graft should be performed in the advanced cases to achieve a complete removal and to aim better prognosis for this kind of disease. In conclusion, aggressive surgical removal followed by radio-chemotherapy offers best cure of the malignant thymic tumor.
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PMID:[Management of malignant tumors of the thymus]. 299 45

Thirty-eight patients with primary malignant mediastinal tumors of all cell types are the basis for this review. Eleven of these patients had germ cell tumors. Five germ cell tumors were seminomas, two were malignant teratomas, and two were endodermal sinus tumors. Mean survival for all patients with germ cell tumors was 3.3 years. Eight children had surgical excision of mediastinal neuroblastomas, and all but 1 are alive for a mean survival of 6.7 years. Seven patients had lymphoproliferative disorders; 6 of these patients had nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease, and 1 had lymphoblastic (thymic) lymphoma. Mean survival was 5.1 years. There were five carcinomas of various cell types and one angiopericytoma. None of the patients with these lesions survived more than 2 years. Four patients had thymoma with an average survival of 3.7 years. Two patients had carcinoid tumors of thymic origin; neither survived more than 1 year. In 1972, we reported 5-year disease-free survival of 26% in a series of patients with primary mediastinal tumors. Our experience since 1970 shows current survival of 47.3% and 5-year disease-free survival of 34.2%. We use combined methods of therapy, including aggressive surgical resection, combination chemotherapy, and often mediastinal irradiation for most types of mediastinal tumors. Primary mediastinal malignancies should be treated aggressively using a multidisciplinary approach, since many of these tumors are curable.
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PMID:Primary malignant mediastinal tumors. 609 77


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