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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Three groups of San Francisco bar patrons (heterosexual men, heterosexual women, and gay men) were compared on four sexual risk reduction strategies for AIDS: safer sex practices (particularly adoption of the use of condoms), reducing the number of sexual partners, taking the HIV antibody test, and determining the characteristics of a potential sexual partner. Heterosexuals reported fewer sex partners and were more likely than gay men to interview potential partners. Gay men were more likely to use condoms and the HIV antibody test than their heterosexual counterparts. These findings encourage the design of interventions that take advantage of shaping and reinforcing strategies already in use in each group, and suggest when it is necessary to teach new strategies.
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PMID:Tailoring AIDS prevention: differences in behavioral strategies among heterosexual and gay bar patrons in San Francisco. 203 86

There is controversy on whether or not patients with End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) on chronic hemodialysis (HD) should be routinely tested for the presence of HIV-antibody (HIV-Ab) in their blood. Several reports have appeared in the literature reporting incidence from 0 to 11%. A total of 227 patients receiving chronic HD; at the University and San Juan City Hospital, from January to December 1987 were screened for the presence of HIV-Ab by the ELISA method. Those reported as positive were confirmed by the Western Blot method. HIV-Ab presence was reported and confirmed in 9 patients (4%). Five of these patients (2%) were IV drug abusers, 2 (0.9%) homosexual, 1 (0.4%) had history of sexual promiscuity and 1 (0.4%) had been exposed to multiple blood transfusion (MBT) prior to HIV testing of blood. Our prevalence was 7%. However when risk factors other than MBT were excluded the prevalence was 0.4%. The incidence and prevalence of HIV positive cases in our hemodialysis population is comparable to that previously reported.
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PMID:Incidence and prevalence of HIV-positive patients on chronic hemodialysis at the University and San Juan City Hospital. 203 77

At San Francisco General Hospital and many other institutions in areas of high HIV prevalence, a policy of body substance isolation has proved easier to implement than the CDC's across-the-board recommendations. Prevention of needle-stick injury and use of barrier methods of infection control are emphasized. Preoperative HIV testing is addressed.
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PMID:Reducing occupational risk of HIV infection. 204 Jun 66

To determine the utility of bone marrow examination for the diagnosis of opportunistic infections and lymphoma in patients with known or suspected human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, we retrospectively reviewed the medical and laboratory records of all patients undergoing diagnostic bone marrow examinations at San Francisco General Hospital between January 1, 1988 and December 31, 1989. All marrow examinations of patients with known or suspected HIV infection in which specimens were examined histopathologically and/or microbiologically for opportunistic pathogens or lymphoma were analyzed. Bone marrow examination resulted in the diagnosis of mycobacterial infection in 16% of the patients studied. Blood culture was 77% sensitive and bone marrow culture was 86% sensitive for detecting disseminated mycobacterial infection. This difference was not statistically significant (p greater than 0.05). Disseminated fungal infections occurred in less than 5% of the patients studied, and most were rapidly and accurately detected by examination of stained bone marrow samples. No case of lymphoma was diagnosed by bone marrow examination. Bone marrow examination may be useful for diagnosing opportunistic infections in patients with HIV infection. Mycobacterial blood cultures have a sensitivity comparable to bone marrow cultures in detecting disseminated mycobacterial infections, are less invasive, and may be less costly. Marrow examination is not useful for diagnosing lymphoma but can determine the extent of lymphoma that has been diagnosed by other means.
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PMID:The usefulness of diagnostic bone marrow examination in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. 205 6

Conducted a study of behavior change associated with a street-based AIDS education project targeted to intravenous (IV) drug users in San Francisco. Two cross-sections were sampled from drug detoxification clinics and street locations in 1986 (n = 438) and 1987 (n = 623). Significant increases were reported in the percentage of IV drug users who used bleach to decontaminate syringes, who did not share needles in past year, and in condom use. A significant reduction in an index of the number of needle-sharing partners was reported. Respondents ranked treatment program as most important source of AIDS information prior to implementation of the program, and ranked outreach workers as most important after implementation. Findings suggest that this community-based outreach program had at least some impact on knowledge about AIDS and may have led to reductions in behaviors known to transmit HIV.
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PMID:AIDS prevention for intravenous drug users in the community: street-based education and risk behavior. 207 93

Examined help-seeking and psychological distress among four groups of gay men (30 AIDS-diagnosed, 107 HIV-seropositive, 149 HIV-seronegative, 244 untested) in the AIDS Behavioral Research Project, a longitudinal survey of San Francisco gay men. The men reported high levels of anxiety, depression, and help-seeking from their social networks. AIDS-diagnosed and HIV-positives reported the most AIDS worry and were the most likely to seek help. High percentages of AIDS-diagnosed men sought help from all sources (peers, professionals, family), whereas nondiagnosed men were more likely to seek help from peers. Regardless of the men's HIV status, peers were perceived to be the most helpful source. Family members were less likely sought and perceived as least helpful. The strengths and limitations of peers as social support providers for AIDS-related concerns are discussed, including implications for the design of community programs to enhance the abilities of peer helpers.
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PMID:Help-seeking for AIDS-related concerns: a comparison of gay men with various HIV diagnoses. 207

We interviewed 385 IV drug users recruited in the streets of the San Juan metropolitan area and compared our findings with comparable results from projects in the United States. As expected, intravenous (IV) drug users, irrespectively of the race or ethnic group they belong to or the geographical setting in which they live, are still practicing HIV risk behaviors. Overall, IV drug users in this analysis are young, however, both Puerto Rican and Hispanic groups have completed less years of school than Blacks and Whites in the United States. The fact that almost half of Puerto Rican IV drug users in the United States reported illegal activities as a source of income surprised investigators. However, as hypothesized by investigators, almost half of the Island's IV drug users reported to live with parents. Puerto Rican IV drug users are still practicing HIV risk behaviors, they inject drugs and use shooting galleries to inject drugs more frequently, and are less likely to clean needles and use condoms than Puerto Ricans in the U.S., Blacks and Whites. It is a well known fact that intravenous drug users are the largest group at risk for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Puerto Rico and among Puerto Ricans in the United States. IV drug users are also the major risk for heterosexual transmission and main source of perinatal transmission of the disease. Thus, resources for preventing AIDS in Puerto Rico are needed most among IV drug users, where 44.5 of the subjects in this study are HIV positive.
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PMID:AIDS risk behavior patterns among intravenous drug users in Puerto Rico and the United States. 207 54

Models of health care developed for HIV and AIDS tend to reflect the experience of San Francisco or London where the majority of patients affected have been homosexual or bisexual. The services developed in these areas may not be appropriate for other risk groups such as injecting drug users. The author, who has been closely involved in developing an HIV service in Edinburgh mainly for injection drug users, undertook a travel fellowship to compare and contrast HIV medical services in Amsterdam, New York and San Francisco with particular regard to what was available for injecting drug users. The provision of drug related and HIV medical services at the same site by the same doctors appears to provide the most efficient service but has yet to be systematically evaluated.
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PMID:Hospital health care for HIV infection with particular reference to injecting drug users. 208 39

The original Reed-Frost formulation of the chain binomial model is mathematically equivalent to a stochastic model allowing a Poisson number of effective contacts in a time interval. Their formulation cannot accommodate survey data that necessarily correspond to more complex distributions of partners or contacts, or to large populations where complete random mixing is unlikely. This paper generalizes the Reed-Frost model to accommodate these situations in both the one- and two-population settings. The extension to multiple populations is also outlined. Using the model to predict HIV incidence in San Francisco's homosexual population, we show that the total number of contacts over all partners is more important than the distribution of contacts among partners in determining the number of infected.
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PMID:A generalized chain binomial model with application to HIV infection. 213 82

In San Francisco, California, researchers used an artificial intercourse model to test a polyurethane woman's condom (WPC-33 under development by the Wisconsin Pharmaceutical Company) for permeability to HIV and cytomegalovirus (CMV). The disposable device is loose-fitting and has flexible rings at both ends. The researchers placed a virus suspension inside a condom and then placed inside it a second condom containing tissue culture medium to test for permeability. A 35-ml plastic syringe case served as an artificial penis. It was inserted into the inner condom, which was inside an artificial foam vagina, and then plunged 50 times to simulate trauma associated with sexual intercourse. Aliquots of the fluids in the outer and inner condoms were grown in culture. CMV was grown in human embryonic lung fibroblasts for four weeks. Virus-positive cultures were identified by their cytopathogenic effect. HIV was grown for eight days in normal human lymphocytes and assayed with an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In three trials using CMV, all inner condom fluids were positive; all outer condom fluids were negative. The detection limit of the assay was 0.2 mcl of inoculum. The same results were found in three trials with HIV. The detection limit of the ELISA for HIV was 0.67 mcl of inoculum. Thus, a female condom may present an alternative means of controlling sexually transmitted diseases and conception. Previous studies have suggested that the female condom may leak less than a male condom. However, this device has not yet proven effective in vivo and it was not tested for efficacy as a contraceptive. Additional studies will be required to prove the utility of this barrier in vivo.
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PMID:Evaluation of the virus permeability of a new condom for women. 216 13


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