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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The worldwide resurgence of syphilis may have serious implications on neonatal morbidity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of syphilis in men attending an infertility clinic. Blood samples from 782 males were screened using the titrated RPR and TPHA tests. If either of these tests was positive, FTA-ABs IgG was performed. The RPR was positive in 63 (8%) cases. In 24 (3%) patients the titer was 1:8 with positive TPHA and FTA-Abs IgG tests and these were regarded as current infections. Thirty-nine (4.9%) cases had RPR titers 1:8 with positive specific tests. These were probably patients either treated inadequately or in the early stage of primary syphilis. In addition, 92 (12%) patients were RPR negative but TPHA and FTA positive. This was evidence of previous exposure to syphilis. The overall seropositivity in this group was 20% (155 cases). Six hundred and twenty-seven (80%) tested negative with RPR and TPHA. Syphilis may still have a major impact on health in Southern Africa. Since syphilis is significantly associated with HIV seropositivity, efforts to prevent and control syphilis may also be important in limiting the spread of HIV.
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PMID:Syphilis serology in men attending the Andrology Clinic at Ga-Rankuwa Hospital. 148 10

The prevalence of biologic false-positive (BFP) reactions for syphilis (reactive rapid plasma reagin [RPR] test, nonreactive fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption [FTA-ABS] test) among patients attending two sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics was evaluated to assess relationships between BFP reactions and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Among 4863 patients, 357 (7.3%) had serologic evidence of syphilis and 4.9% had HIV infection. Only 40 patients (0.8% of total patients, 11% of those with reactive RPR tests) had BFP serologic tests for syphilis. There were no demographic differences between true syphilis and BFP patients as to sex, age, or intravenous drug use. BFP patients tended to have lower RPR titers (less than or equal to 1:4) than did true syphilis patients. After excluding 317 patients with reactive FTA-ABS tests, BFP RPR tests were seen in 6 (4%) of 159 HIV-seropositive patients and 34 (0.8%) of 4387 HIV-seronegative patients (odds ratio, 5.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.9-12.7). Although more common among HIV-infected than HIV-uninfected patients, BFP reactions are relatively rare among STD clinic patients, and 89% of patients with reactive RPR or VDRL serologic tests for syphilis had current or prior syphilis infection. The RPR test remains useful for guiding decisions regarding therapy for syphilis.
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PMID:Association of biologic false-positive reactions for syphilis with human immunodeficiency virus infection. 158 32

A total of 155 prostitutes inhabiting 4 different districts in Mogadishu, Somalia, were enrolled in a 6 month prospective study of syphilis and HIV infection. Blood samples were taken on entry, at 3 months and at 6 months. Differences were seen between the prostitutes in the 4 districts regarding possible risk factors for the acquisition of STDs. Initially 107 (69%) were found to have syphilis serum markers and 47% had active syphilis as judged by positivity in both Treponema Pallidum Haemagglutination (TPHA) test and non-treponemal (VDRL and RPR) tests. TPHA positivity was correlated to the number of sexual partners. Sixty-nine prostitutes were followed for 6 months. Two of the 16 initially TPHA negative women seroconverted for syphilis during the follow-up. HIV antibodies were detected in one (0.6%) of the 155 prostitutes at the start of the study and one out of 68 seroconverted during the 6 months follow-up. To control the spread of HIV infection health education targeting the risk groups like prostitutes must be given a high priority.
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PMID:Syphilis and human immunodeficiency virus seroconversion during a 6-month follow-up of female prostitutes in Mogadishu, Somalia. 204 3

Observations are reported on 7 sexually transmitted diseases in a heterosexual population of 105 promiscuous males in Djibouti, East Africa. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was cultured from urethral swabs from 34 subjects. Six isolates were beta lactamase positive (18%). High levels of resistance to antimicrobials were noted with penicillin, spectinomycin and cotrimoxazole, while tetracyclines and erythromycin were unvariably effective. Six patients had Chlamydia urethritis, one of whom had concomitant gonococcal urethritis. Half of the sera reacted positive for antibodies to Chlamydia. A total of 31 subjects had a positive treponemal FTA-Abs test; of these, only 14 had a reactive RPR test. Nineteen individuals were positive for HBsAg. One subject had a western blot confirmed HIV-1 infection, while none had antibodies to HIV-2 or HTLV-I.
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PMID:Observations on sexually transmitted diseases in promiscuous males in Djibouti. 251 74

We tested serum samples collected in an urban setting (Yaounde) and in a rural area (Manyemen) for the presence of antibody to hepatitis C virus (HCV) (anti-HCV). Screening was done by second-generation ELISA and confirmation with second-generation RIBA. In Yaounde, anti-HCV was found in 12.5% of patients with febrile jaundice (95% CL 3.8-21.2), 5.5% of pregnant women (95% CL 3.3-7.3), 0% of children below 4 years of age, 31% of sickle cell patients (95% CL 20.2-41.8%), 1.6% of medical students (95% CL 0-4.7%) and 15.4% of prostitutes (95% CL 8.5-22.3). Only HBsAg-negative sera were tested for anti-HCV, except sera originating from subjects with febrile jaundice. In Manyemen, anti-HCV was detected in 6.4% of blood donors, 6.0% of pregnant women, 5.3% of HIV-positive subjects, 7.3% of RPR-positive and 3.9% of RPR-negative subjects. There was an increase in antibody prevalence with age. We conclude that HCV infection is common in Cameroon and that it is transmitted mainly by blood transfusion and probably by sexual activity.
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PMID:Hepatitis C virus infection in different populations in Cameroon. 751 88

The degree of coinfections with blood-borne or sexually transmitted pathogens (HIV-1, HTLV-I/II, HBV, HCV, HDV, and Treponema pallidum) were assessed in individuals attending sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinic and patients admitted to a hospital through the emergency room in Baltimore. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), immunoblots, and card tests were used to screen the sera. Nearly one third of the individuals in both populations were infected with one or more pathogens. With some minor exceptions, all individuals with dual or multiple infections had antibodies reactive with the HBV core antigen. There was a strong overall association between the presence of antibodies to HIV-1 and the presence of antibodies to HBV core and HCV in both populations. Additionally, the presence of HIV-1 antibodies was significantly associated with the presence of HTLV-I/II antibodies and HBV surface antigen in the STD population and with a positive RPR test result in the H/ER population. We suggest that HIV-1 and/or HTLV-I/II infected individuals in STD clinic and emergency rooms are highly likely to have had past infections with HBV or HCV.
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PMID:Multiple blood-borne and sexually transmitted infections in sexually transmitted disease clinic and hospital emergency room patient populations. 810 44

Manyemen, a rural community in Cameroon, has now been hit by the HIV epidemic. This paper describes the experiences gained at the Presbyterian General Hospital in Manyemen between 1990 and 1992 regarding HIV infection in pregnant women, AIDS case management, counseling and home visits. A total of 383 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics were tested. We found a 2.9% HIV-1 seroprevalence and a 17% reactivity to a non-specific syphilis test, rapid plasma reagin, RPR. In 1990, 1991 and 1992, we diagnosed 55, 89 and 94 cases of clinical AIDS respectively. New TB cases seen in the same period showed the following HIV positive rates 3.5%, 2.4% and 5.8%. A detailed study of 78 AIDS patients revealed that the five most common presenting signs in our patients were wasting (80%), prolonged fever (28%), chronic diarrhoea (17%), oropharyngeal candidiasis (14%) and pulmonary TB (10%). Pretest and post test counseling is routinely done by the AIDS team. About 79% of the patients were post counselled as were 27% of their relatives. Home visits have been started. These results show that AIDS is no longer an issue confined to cities in Cameroon and that rural hospitals should institute a programme, similar to ours, to help them cope with the AIDS epidemic.
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PMID:Characteristics of HIV/AIDS patients attending a rural hospital in Cameroon. Manyemen HIV/AIDS Team. 827 68

A 59-year-old black male presented with an acute unilateral central scotoma and decreased visual acuity in each eye. Ocular examination revealed bilateral vitritis, nerve fiber layer hemorrhages and infarcts, arteritis, serous macular edema and optic nerve head edema with telangiectasia. Vascular work-up was remarkable for a reactive FTA-ABS, VDRL and RPR. Lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils and platelet count were elevated. HIV tests were nonreactive. Ocular, serologic and cerebrospinal fluid findings along with past sexual history were consistent with a diagnosis of early neurosyphilis. Prompt referral to an infectious disease physician and subsequent treatment with parenteral penicillin resulted in complete resolution of the vitreoretinitis.
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PMID:Neurosyphilis with associated retinitis. 831 99

Although syphilis occurs infrequently among Canadian and American women, global antenatal screening is still warranted. The reason is that congenitally acquired syphilis is serious, yet largely preventable. Those women at highest risk for the disease seem to be crack and cocaine users, as well as those without antenatal care. These women should be screened for syphilis during the first and early-third trimesters, whenever possible, or at the time of delivery. HIV testing should be routinely recommended. Syphilis is diagnosed using microscopy and/or serologic testing. Although nontreponemal serology (VDRL and RPR) is acceptable as the initial screening test, sensitivity and specificity for syphilis vary between 60 and 75 percent and 84 and 99 percent, respectively. These are also many causes of false-positive test results. Treponemal serology (FTA-ABS and MHA-TP) are used to confirm nontreponemal tests. The only acceptable treatment of syphilis during pregnancy is penicillin. For those with disease of less than 1 year's duration, it is suggested that two doses of benzathine penicillin G (2.4 million units I.M.) be administered 1 week apart. Disease of greater or unknown duration requires a longer, modified regimen. Serious adverse reactions to therapy are rare, and penicillin-allergic mothers can be skin tested, followed by desensitization if required. Exactly how HIV infection modifies the detection and treatment of syphilis in pregnancy is unclear. Treatment of HIV-infected women with syphilis is presently no different than non-HIV patients, unless invasion of the central nervous system is suspected.
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PMID:Lues-lues: maternal and fetal considerations of syphilis. 858 92

This study was performed to determine the association of seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and Treponema pallidum infection among HIV-infected first-time male blood donors (HIV group) in comparison with HIV-seronegative blood donors (control group) in northeastern Thailand (NET). Serum samples were collected from 10,321 first-time voluntary male blood donors. All samples were screened for anti-HIV and anti-HCV by particle agglutination test and for syphilis antibody by RPR. The anti-HIV-positive sera were submitted to EIA and confirmed by Western blot. The reactive anti-HCV samples were confirmed by EIA, whereas reactive syphilis antibody samples were confirmed by T. pallidum particle agglutination (TPPA) test. Fisher's exact test was used for statistical analysis. The prevalence of anti-HIV in first-time male donors was 0.70% (72/10,321). The age range of HIV group and control group donors was 17-50 years. The prevalence of HIV infection among the 21-40 age group was significantly higher than among the 17-20 age group (p = 0.00003). The 17-20 year old HIV group donors showed significantly higher seroprevalence of TPPA (p = 0.003). The 21-30 year old HIV group donors had significantly higher seroprevalence of anti-HCV (p = 0.0008) and TPPA (p = 0.045), but the seroprevalences of anti-HCV and TPPA among the 31-50 age group were nonsignificantly different (p 0.05). Concurrence of anti-HCV and TPPA in HIV groups was not found. This result indicates that HIV infection among NET voluntary male blood donors was significantly associated with T. pallidum infection in young adults and with HCV infection in mature adults.
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PMID:Association of HCV and Treponema pallidum infection in HIV infected northeastern Thai male blood donors. 934 56


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