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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have reported previously the enhancement of the infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) by liposomes composed of the cationic lipid N-[2,3-(dioleyloxy) propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride (DOTMA). To determine the mechanism by which this process occurs, we have investigated the role of CD4, serum concentration and liposome-cell interactions in the DOTMA-mediated stimulation of HIV-1 infection of A3.01 cells. Serum alone significantly inhibited the binding and infectivity of HIV-1, but DOTMA-mediated enhancement of infectivity was more pronounced in the presence of serum than in its absence. HIV-1 binding to cells was increased in the presence of DOTMA liposomes, DEAE-dextran and polybrene, all of which also enhanced infectivity to a similar extent at comparable concentrations. Fluorescence dequenching measurements indicated that DOTMA liposomes fused with HIV-1, but not with cell membranes, in the presence of serum. The enhancing effect of DOTMA liposomes on HIV-1 infectivity was CD4-dependent, and appeared to involve virus-liposome fusion and liposome binding to the cell surface. DOTMA liposomes did not mediate infection of the CD4-K562 and Raji cell lines.
J Gen Virol 1991 Nov
PMID:Enhancement of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection by cationic liposomes: the role of CD4, serum and liposome-cell interactions. 194 Aug 66

We report the complete nucleotide sequence of a human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) isolate from Guinea-Bissau (HIV-2CAM2). The genomic organization of HIV-2CAM2 is identical to that of other HIV-2 isolates but contains a stop codon in the pol gene. The deduced amino acid sequences of the viral proteins show variation of 20% in the gag, pol and vpx regions, and 25 to 45% in the tat, env and nef regions when compared to other isolates of HIV-2. This is greater than the variation observed between isolates of HIV-1.
J Gen Virol 1991 Mar
PMID:Nucleotide sequence of a Guinea-Bissau-derived human immunodeficiency virus type 2 proviral clone (HIV-2CAM2). 200 37

Patients with advancing HIV infection are subject to a broad range of complications that may challenge the primary care physician. The presence of more than one complication at a time is common. Selected, common complications are discussed, including a discussion of the approach to diagnosis and management. Areas covered include pulmonary, gastrointestinal, ocular, and mucocutaneous complications, as well as lymphadenopathy, the HIV wasting syndrome, and Kaposi's sarcoma.
J Gen Intern Med
PMID:Clinical management of the complications of HIV infection. 200 72

Mycobacterial disease is a major part of the spectrum of opportunistic infections (OIs) associated with HIV infection. Mycobacterium avium intracellulare (MAI) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are the most common mycobacterial pathogens afflicting HIV-positive patients. Infection with MAI tends to be an OI of advanced AIDS, and the results of treatment are frequently unsatisfactory. M. tuberculosis tends to attack patients much earlier in the course of their HIV disease, responds to standard treatment, and is the most contagious of the life-threatening HIV-related pathogens. This article provides concise information about the management of mycobacteriosis in the context of HIV infection. It is directed especially at primary care physicians. Emphasis is on clinical manifestation, diagnosis, therapy, and prevention.
J Gen Intern Med
PMID:Mycobacterial disease associated with HIV infection. 200 73

In routine office practice, primary care physicians see both individuals at risk for HIV infection and those who are already infected. They must be prepared to assess risks of HIV infection in all patients, counsel patients with histories of high-risk behavior about the reasons to be tested for infection, and explain the meanings of both positive and negative test results. The initial medical evaluation of an infected individual should include a history and physical examination to detect early manifestations of HIV infection, basic diagnostic tests, including CD4 counts and a purified protein derivative test, and immunization against potentially preventable infections.
J Gen Intern Med
PMID:Assessing HIV infection in primary care practice. 200 74

HIV infection cannot be treated nor can its spread among those who use drugs be contained unless physicians diagnose and treat drug dependence. Recent changes in the DSM-III definitions simplify diagnosis. It is primarily by the presence and extent of the dependence syndrome that decisions are made regarding early HIV counseling and testing, medical management, referral for drug dependence treatment, and the approach to minimizing disease spread by the patient.
J Gen Intern Med
PMID:The diagnosis of drug dependence by primary care providers. 200 75

HIV infection and AIDS are having a major and growing impact on women's lives. In addition to the usually described risk behaviors, many other medical or behavioral factors should prompt physicians to offer HIV counseling and testing. These include unusual or difficult-to-treat gynecologic conditions, unexplained vague systemic symptoms, and most sexually transmitted diseases. Use of alcohol and crack cocaine can be associated with a higher risk of HIV infection because of decreased risk reduction behaviors. The authors discuss the barriers to risk reduction among women deriving from their unequal social roles in relation to men and provide specific and detailed guidelines for counseling and educating women about HIV infection.
J Gen Intern Med
PMID:Caring for women at risk of HIV infection. 200 77

The care of patients who have HIV infection requires technical competence, skill in clinical decision making, a commitment to continuing self-education, the ability to collaborate with medical and community-based service providers, and attention to the psychological and ethical aspects of patient care. General internists bring these attributes to their work and will be increasingly involved in meeting the challenges presented by the AIDS epidemic. Controversial issues in the management of HIV illness include: assessment and management of latent syphilis in patients with intercurrent HIV infection; risk assessment and postexposure zidovudine prophylaxis of health care workers after occupational accidents; determination of the risk of reactivation tuberculosis in HIV-infected individuals; and treatment or nontreatment of infections with the Mycobacterium avium complex in symptomatic patients. Patients illustrating these management problems are presented by progressive disclosure; the points made in discussion by a panel of general internists and AIDS specialists are presented.
J Gen Intern Med
PMID:Controversies in the management of HIV-related illnesses. 200 78

The management of patients who have HIV disease, particularly those in early, asymptomatic disease stages, has recently improved. Clinical trials with zidovudine have demonstrated efficacy and greatly reduced toxicity when the drug is used for asymptomatic HIV-infected persons who have fewer than 500 CD4+ cells/mm3. Also, the optimum dose of zidovudine is lower than previously believed, probably in the range of 300-500 mg daily in oral divided doses. The use of antibiotics to prevent Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is also of clear value for HIV-infected asymptomatic or symptomatic persons with fewer than 200 CD4+ cells/mm3. While aerosolized pentamidine is the only regimen approved for PCP prophylaxis, oral drugs, such as trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or dapsone, also appear effective. Together, these and similar advances argue for the widespread use of voluntary HIV testing to enable optimum medical monitoring and appropriate intervention. These issues and recommendations for laboratory and clinical monitoring are provided in this review.
J Gen Intern Med
PMID:Recent advances in the medical management of early HIV disease. 200 80

The gene for the CD4-membrane glycoprotein-receptor for HIV has been cloned. The 179 amino acids fragment of the CD4-receptor responsible for binding of gp120 HIV glycoprotein has been fused with beta-galactosidase and shown to be expressed in Escherichia coli cells. The recombinant protein in ELISA and immunoblotting techniques reacts with the monoclonal antibodies OKT4A and Leu3A known to block the interaction between the CD4 and gp120 HIV glycoprotein. The recombinant protein can be used for different scientific and practical purposes including studying of the mechanisms for HIV interaction with the sensitive cells as well as for viral gp120 protein purification, etc.
Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol 1991 Jan
PMID:[Cloning and expression of the CD4 receptor gene from human T-lymphocytes in Escherichia coli cells]. 202 97


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