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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In Jerusalem and the Negev, physicians examined and took blood samples from recent Jewish immigrants older than 10 years who came to Israel from Ethiopia during Operation Solomon in 1991. The physicians and other colleagues compared data on the 52 people who were HIV positive with 139 who were HIV negative to examine HIV's relationships with treponemal infection and hepatitis B infection. The 2 groups were essentially the same age (37 years for cases and 35.5 years for controls). No significant difference in the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers existed between the 2 groups (70% for HIV-positive migrants and 78.8% for HIV-negative migrants). This confirmed other research that HBV is transmitted vertically in developing countries. Yet, HIV-positive migrants were more likely to have markers for hepatitis B surface antigen than HIV-negative migrants (20% vs. 8.6%; p = .018). The HIV-positive migrants had a higher prevalence of treponemal markers than did HIV-negative migrants (31% vs. 3%), indicating that treponemal disease increased their risk of HIV infection. The earlier group of Jewish immigrants from Ethiopia during 1984-1985 (Operation Moses) also had a high prevalence of treponemal antibodies but no one had HIV infection. These immigrants walked through a rural area to a refugee camp in Sudan from which they were taken to Israel by air. The newer immigrants rode buses to Addis Ababa and waited 1 year before they immigrated to Israel. The results of this study suggests that the new immigrants (an ethnic homogenous group just like their earlier counterparts) became infected with HIV during the short period in Addis Ababa. Israeli physicians have designed a study to follow the HIV-positive immigrants to determine whether the environment in Africa is responsible for the different clinical picture of AIDS.
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PMID:Serological markers for hepatitis B and treponemal infection among HIV carriers from Ethiopia. 834 59

A 31-year-old man was hospitalized for evaluation of chronic diarrhea accompanied by profound dehydration, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and low-grade fever. He had been identified as hepatitis B surface antigen-positive in 1983 and HIV antibody-positive two years later. In 1987, after a diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, he had been placed on zidovudine and prophylactic pentamidine. Subsequently, thrush developed, which was treated with nystatin. The patient's gastrointestinal symptoms were of about six months' duration and originally had responded fairly well to diphenoxylate. More recently, however, he had been losing weight steadily and had required emergency room rehydration on two occasions. A search for stool ova and parasites and routine enteric pathogens, conducted by the outpatient department, had revealed Cryptosporidium cysts.
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PMID:Evaluation of AIDS-related diarrhea. 838 Apr 25

To determine trends in several hemodialysis associated diseases and practices, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), in collaboration with the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), performed a mail survey of chronic hemodialysis centers in the United States in 1990. Of 1,995 centers surveyed, 1,882 (94%) representing 140,608 patients and 36,907 staff members responded. As in recent years, the 1990 survey found that certain hemodialysis practices are increasing in frequency, including treatment of water with reverse osmosis and deionizer units; use of bicarbonate dialysate and high-flux dialysis; and reuse of disposable dialyzers (in 1990, 70% of centers reused dialyzers). Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was present at low frequency in patients (incidence, 0.2%; prevalence, 1.2%) and staff (incidence, 0.04%; prevalence, 0.3%). Antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen was present in 20% of patients and 58% of staff, and was significantly related to levels of hepatitis B vaccine coverage. Pyrogenic reactions in the absence of septicemia were reported by 20% of centers and were associated with use of high-flux dialyzer membranes and reuse of dialyzers (particularly in centers where the maximum number of reuses was 40 or more). Septicemia among hemodialysis patients was reported by 49% of centers. Twenty-six percent of centers reported providing hemodialysis for patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and 1.1% of dialyzed patients had known HIV infection.
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PMID:National surveillance of hemodialysis associated diseases in the United States, 1990. 838 40

The prevalence of hepatitis A, B, C, and D viruses was studied in 467 military personnel with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) by first-generation ELISA was found in 136 (29%). Of sera repeatedly reactive for anti-HCV by first-generation ELISA, two-antigen recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA) was positive in 41 (32%) and four-antigen RIBA was positive in 55 (41%). Four-antigen RIBA was positive in 33 (30%) of the 109 with an OD on ELISA of < or = 2.0 compared with 22 (81%) of the 27 with an OD > 2.0 (P < .001). Anti-HCV detected by four-antigen RIBA was associated with increasing age, black or Hispanic race, and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen. When patients with hepatitis B surface antigen were excluded, elevated alanine aminotransferase was found in 5 (8%) of 63 with a negative RIBA and 13 (28%) of 47 with a positive RIBA (P = .006). While RIBA was negative in more than half of those with anti-HCV by ELISA, 55 (12%) of these HIV-1 infected personnel had anti-HCV detected by RIBA, which was associated with a strong reaction by ELISA, elevated liver enzymes, coinfection with hepatitis B, minority race, and older age.
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PMID:Recombinant immunoblot assays for hepatitis C in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected US Navy personnel. 838 19

The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) was designed to study the natural history of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, including the relationship between hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV-1 infection. In total, 4954 homosexual men were recruited from April 1984 through March 1985 and have been followed up thereafter every 6 months. Hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B core antibody were tested for at the first visit by RIA or EIA; HIV-1 antibody testing was done at each visit by ELISA and confirmed by Western blot assay. The role of HBV infection in HIV-1 seroconversion was studied by stratification for sexual behavior and disease visit by visit. The adjusted risk ratio was 2.02 for hepatitis B surface antigen carriers and 2.14 for hepatitis-immune cases compared with hepatitis B-susceptible subjects. Similar results were obtained using a logistic regression model. After taking into account changes in sexual behavior and disease over time, the authors conclude that past HBV infection remains suspect as a cofactor or as a surrogate for other factors associated with HIV-1 seroconversion.
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PMID:Relationship of hepatitis B virus infection to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. 842 Nov 64

As a model system to study the infection of early myeloid cells by human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), we have infected the human promyelocytic cell line, HL-60, with a recombinant selectable HIV-1 clone. A fully infected population showed a relatively high frequency of low-level infection, with 40% of subcloned cells being negative by reverse transcriptase and p24 indirect immunofluorescence analysis and displaying only low levels of supernatant p24. The same treatment of a T-lymphoid cell line produced 100% productive infections. HIV-1 infection of HL-60 did not appear to alter the state of differentiation of the cells, as assessed by surface antigen expression, regardless of the level of viral expression. Furthermore, infected cells were able to respond normally to chemical inducers of differentiation. Induction of differentiation towards monocyte/macrophages by phorbol myristate acetate activated the HIV-1 long terminal repeat in a transient transfection system, and there was a corresponding increase in viral production from the infected subclones. Granulocytic differentiation, as stimulated by dimethyl sulfoxide or retinoic acid, had no effect on long terminal repeat activity and did not stimulate viral replication. These data suggest that low-level HIV-1 infections may be established at a relatively high frequency in myeloid precursor cells, and that different pathways of promyelocytic differentiation vary in their ability to stimulate HIV-1 replication.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection of the human promyelocytic cell line HL-60: high frequency of low-level infection and effect of subsequent cell differentiation. 842 63

250 sperm from apparently healthy pregnant patients at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic at Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria, were tested for HIV-1 and HIV-2 and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Sera were screened for HIV with the Karpas AIDS cell test using HIV-1 and HIV-2 isolated in Great Britain, and confirmed with the Karpas confirming test and the Western blot. Bioman Hepatek kits were used for hepatitis screening. 2 pregnant women (0.8%) tested positive for HIV-1 and none for HIV-2. 11 women (4.4%) had HBsAg in their serum, and among these, 2 were positive for both HBsAg and HIV-1. This is the first report of pregnant women with both HIV and hepatitis virus screens in Lagos.
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PMID:A comparison of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositivity and hepatitis B surface antigenemia (HBs Ag) among the same group of apparently healthy pregnant women in Lagos, Nigeria: a preliminary report. 847 7

The prevalences of antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV), human T lymphotrophic virus (anti-HTLV) and of hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) were determined in 168 subjects aged 12 years and over (108 Pygmies, 60 Bantus) living in south Cameroon. In 167 subjects, we found an estimated minimal anti-HCV prevalence of 13%. The prevalence was significantly higher in Bantus (31.7%) than in Pygmies (11.1%) and increased with age in both groups, albeit more rapidly in Bantus. The overall prevalence of HBsAg was 7.2% and correlated with neither sex nor ethnic group. No association was found between anti-HCV and HbsAg prevalence rates. No subject was confirmed to be positive for HTLV or HIV. These findings confirm the high prevalence of HCV infection in south Cameroon and indicate that even secluded population groups are affected.
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PMID:Prevalence of hepatitis C virus and other blood-borne viruses in Pygmies and neighbouring Bantus in southern Cameroon. 856 May 16

The objective was to develop and test an HIV intervention targeting sex workers and madams in the brothels of Bombay. In a controlled intervention trial, with measurements before and after the intervention, 334 sex workers and 20 madams were recruited from an intervention site, and 207 and 17, respectively, from a similar control site, both in red-light areas of Bombay. All sex workers were tested for antibodies to HIV and syphilis, and for hepatitis B surface antigen. Information on sexual practices, condom use, and knowledge of HIV was collected by questionnaires. All subjects in the intervention group underwent a 6-month program of educational videos, small group discussions and pictorial educational materials; free condoms were also distributed. The blood tests and the questionnaire were readministered to all subjects at both sites immediately after the intervention. Both groups were followed for approximately 1 year. The baseline prevalence of HIV antibodies was 47% in the intervention group and 41% in the control group (p = 0.17). The incidence densities for HIV and sexually transmitted diseases were significantly different in the 2 groups (all p 0.005): 0.05 and 0.16 per person-year of follow-up for HIV, 0.08 and 0.22 per person-year for antibodies to syphilis, and 0.04 and 0.12 per person-year for hepatitis B surface antigen in the intervention and control women, respectively. Following the intervention, there was a significant increase in knowledge of modes of HIV transmission in the intervention group (n = 334) compared to the control group (n = 190) (60% vs. 99% compared to 56% vs. 26%, p 0.001). In addition, women reported increased levels of condom use and some (41%) said they were willing to refuse clients who would not use them. However, both the sex workers and 100% of the madams were concerned about losing business if condom use was insisted upon. Intervention programs of longer duration that target madams and clients and make condoms easily available are urgently needed.
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PMID:Impact of an intervention on HIV, sexually transmitted diseases, and condom use among sex workers in Bombay, India. 856 97

The major surface antigen from the proliferative form of Toxoplasma gondii (P-30 of SAG-1) was chosen as a target for exploration of Toxoplasma gondii reactivation in sera from immunocompromised patients. Samples were obtained from 37 HIV-infected subjects with lymphocyte levels of CD4+ < 200/mm3. The prevalence of IgG antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii was 64.9%. Ten patients had clinical symptoms of reactivated toxoplasmosis; eight of these had Toxoplasma encephalitis. The SAG-1 epitopes were found as circulating antigen in five cases with an immunocapture enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The EIA was improved with an IgG1 monoclonal antibody to SAG-1 and a streptavidinbiotin amplification. The sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value were 30, 92 and 60%, respectively. The SAG-1 levels were compared with different biological parameters such as HIV p24 antigen, beta 2 microglobulin, CD4+ cell count and IgG antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. The levels of SAG-1 in these patients were significantly higher than those in the 75 healthy control persons with or without a chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection. Therefore, SAG-1 may be involved as a marker of reactivated toxoplasmosis in HIV-infected patients.
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PMID:Toxoplasma gondii surface antigen-1 in sera of HIV-infected patients as an indicator of reactivated toxoplasmosis. 860 4


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