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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Data from Edinburgh, Scotland, on the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases in homosexual men between 1980-1987 suggest that this high-risk population is effectively adopting "safer sex" practices. The incidence of early syphilis in homosexual men presenting to the department of genitourinary medicine at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary peaked at 20 cases in 1984, and then began precipitous decline; no such cases were diagnosed in 1986 and 1987. The incidence of rectal gonorrhea reached a high of 58 cases in 1982, and has fallen steadily since then; there were 5 such cases diagnosed in 1987. Since unprotected anoreceptive intercourse is the main risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in homosexual men, trends in the incidence of rectal gonorrhea provide reliable information about the extent to which safe sex practices are being followed. Diagnoses of all types of gonorrhea peaked in 1982 at 120 cases, at which point they began a steady decline to 10 cases in 1987. Since this clinic does not have a policy of random anonymous testing for HIV infection, information on trends in the incidence of this infection are not available for this population. In general, these incidence trend date imply that the homosexual community in Edinburgh adopted sexual practices aimed at reducing the risk of sexually transmitted infection even before government health education campaigns were launched. While declines in the incidence of syphilis and gonorrhea were not recorded in the heterosexual population in Edinburgh until 1985, homosexual men began demonstrating this trend around 1982.
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PMID:Trends in sexual behaviour and HIV incidence in homosexual men. 249 5

General practitioners in the Severn Faculty of the Royal College of General Practitioners were asked about their knowledge and practice in dealing with HIV infected patients. 62% responded to our anonymous questionnaire. Overall, four-fifths of the doctors expressed confidence in their ability to advise HIV antibody positive patients on sexual activity, drug abuse and domestic activities. Only 61% were confident of their ability to advise such patients on pregnancy. Differences in screening policy and measures of awareness were related to location of practice by county within the Region and to the presence of HIV infected patients on individual lists. The findings are discussed in relation to previous surveys of general practitioners in the UK.
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PMID:HIV infection and South-West general practitioners. 250 83

Several studies have found reductions in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) risk practices among gay men in high AIDS-prevalence cities since the start of the AIDS crisis. Much less is known about risk behavior patterns among gay men in smaller cities, where AIDS cases are less common and the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection is relatively lower. In the study, men entering gay bars in three cities, one large and two small, completed anonymous surveys of sexual practices and AIDS risk knowledge. Men in high AIDS-prevalence areas were found to have had a greater number of sexual partners, were more knowledgeable about AIDS, were much more likely to engage in low-risk practices (such as mutual masturbation or body rubbing), and had unprotected anal intercourse less frequently than gay men in smaller cities. The most common sexual activity among gay men in the larger city was mutual masturbation, a low-risk practice. The most common sexual activity among gay men in the smaller cities was unprotected anal intercourse. Increased efforts are needed to educate gay men and to promote risk behavior changes among those living in smaller cities and in communities outside the prominent AIDS epicenters.
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PMID:Differences in gay men's AIDS risk knowledge and behavior patterns in high and low AIDS prevalence cities. 250 13

In order to describe prevalence and trends of HIV infection, demographic variables, risk factors, and reasons for seeking testing, and self-administered anonymous questionnaire was distributed to approximately 75% of all individuals tested for antibodies to HIV on a voluntary basis, in all parts of the Danish health-care system, in November 1987 and in April 1988. The number of questionnaires returned was 2143 (55%). Overall, HIV prevalence was 1.2% and was highest among homosexual and bisexual men: 6% in November and 9% in April, with no statistical difference. Sixteen per cent of the men reported homosexual behaviour, 7% reported intravenous drug use, and 60% more than one opposite-sex partner within the last 12 months. No substantial difference was observed between reported risk factors in November and April. Overall, 18% had been tested at least once before; this figure rose to approximately 50% among homosexual men and intravenous drug abusers, a substantial number of whom had engaged in risk behaviour since the latest test. Sixty percent of men and 75% of women were tested at general practitioners', and 22% and 13% at sexually transmitted disease clinics; only 6% of men and 3% of women had used alternative test sites. It is concluded that studies of anti-HIV-tested people can give detailed information about patterns of HIV testing and indications of trends in HIV infection rates, thereby supplementing other forms of HIV surveillance.
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PMID:HIV testing in Denmark: a nominator-denominator study. 250 5

Britain's Department of Health has proposed a program of extensive human immunodeficiecy virus (HIV) testing of unlinked anonymous blood samples from patients in a variety of health care settings in England and Wales. The program's aim is to provide estimates of the prevalence of HIV infection in the population, and of the rate of change of prevalence estimates over time. This information will be used to target prevention campaigns to high-risk populations, and to determine future allocations of health funds. The disadvantages of present British methods of serosurveillance for HIV and the advantages of the unlinked anonymous method are described. Principles of the latter method of data collection and details of the proposed Department of Health program are outlined. A discussion of legal and ethical considerations in unlinked anonymous HIV testing concludes this review.
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PMID:Monitoring the prevalence of HIV. 210 41

A high percentage of intravenous drug addicts was found among HIV-infected individuals who had been detected by anonymous testing from May, 1985, to October, 1988, at the AIDS Counselling Service of the Municipal Health Department in Stuttgart. Among the subjects being seropositive for HIV-1 antibodies, 36.6% were drug abusers, while until October, 1988, only 10.3% of the reported AIDS cases in the Federal Republic of Germany were members of this risk group. On the other hand, only 1.9% of 1.001 individuals who came to the AIDS Counselling Service of the Municipal Health Department in Stuttgart for HIV antibody testing were drug addicts. Our observations show that special information campaigns for young people about the risk of HIV infection by intravenous drug abuse should be intensified.
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PMID:[A high fraction of drug-dependent patients among anonymously detected HIV-infected patients in Stuttgart]. 252 95

The need for reliable epidemiological data on HIV seropositivity rates in a general population appears to conflict with the ethical requirement that consent be obtained from persons whose blood is screened for HIV antibodies. Gillet contends that informed consent is not necessary for epidemiological screening since there is no reason to link blood samples and test results with identifiable individuals. He argues that it is ethical to test blood drawn from hospital patients who have given a very general and "non-informative sort of consent" that their blood can be used anonymously for research. Even this degree of consent may be unnecessary since it would be impossible to trace an HIV positive anonymous blood sample to its source. Gillet also argues that this method of obtaining samples relieves epidemiologists of the obligation to notify individuals whose blood tests positive for HIV.
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PMID:HIV and the epidemiologist. 257 94

All instrument and needle accidents, and mucosal exposure to blood involving surgical specialists and operating room personnel were recorded for a seven-month period in a middle-sized Amsterdam hospital, the St. Lucas. Fifty-four accidents were reported, of which 42 were percutaneous wounds and 12, blood splatters in the eyes. The frequency of percutaneous wounds per operation per person ranged from 0 to 0.013. In the same period 3098 patients who had to be operated on were asked to participate in an anonymous study for HIV antibody. One hundred and twenty patients refused participation (3.9%). Of the 2978 participating patients seven were seropositive for anti-HIV (0.23%). The observed percutaneous accident frequency and HIV prevalence were used in combination with reports from the literature on the risk of infection after a single exposure to HIV infected material, to calculate the HIV professional risk for operating room personnel in this hospital. For general surgeons the risk of infection (based on 500 operations per year) was calculated as 0.0012 for an occupational lifespan of 30 years. For the other specialists and functions the risk was the same or less. Considering the low risk our conclusion is that screening of preoperative patients is not necessary in this hospital. The observance of general protective measures provides sufficient protection for the professional group examined.
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PMID:[HIV occupational risk of surgical specialists and operating room personnel in the Saint Lucas Hospital in Amsterdam]. 258 76

The incidence of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among pregnant women in north central Wisconsin is unknown. We devised and used an anonymous screening protocol to determine both the incidence of HIV infection and the rate of infection spread in this population. Our data demonstrate an extremely low incidence of HIV infection. Further, over the time periods studied, no clear evidence of an increase in the incidence of this severe infection could be demonstrated.
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PMID:HIV among pregnant women: north central Wisconsin. 258 48

With the object of describing how their own health is experienced, the social circumstances and sexual behaviour in anti-HIV-positive homosexual and bisexual men, an anonymous questionnaire to be completed by the recipient was distributed in 1987 in connection with a placebo controlled investigation to assess the value of isoprinosin (Imunovir) in preventing the development of AIDS. 87% participated. Among the total of 85 participants, 78% considered that their health was good, 29% met family members and 75% friends at least once weekly. Fifty patients (65%) felt stressed in their daily lives which was definitely higher than in the normal population. All of the participants had altered their sexual behaviour in a manner which reduced the risk of HIV-transmission but 18 (21%) had had sexual behaviour known to transmit HIV within the past year. This behaviour occurred more frequently in young persons (p = 0.09) and in smokers (p = 0.03). In addition, no connection could be demonstrated between a series of possible determinants for this, which may, however, be due to the limited extent of the material. It is demonstrated that awareness that one is infected with HIV does not eliminate dangerous sexual behaviour in all cases.
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PMID:[Sexual behavior in HIV antibody positive homosexual and bisexual men]. 259 27


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