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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
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This is the first anonymous unlinked seroprevalence study in Canada to use serum samples from newborns to determine the seroprevalence rate of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among childbearing women. Of the 68,808 samples tested 42 were confirmed as positive, for an overall crude seroprevalence rate of 6.1 per 10,000 live births (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.4 to 8.3), or 1 woman in 1638. Women who lived on Montreal island had an overall rate of 17.9 per 10,000 live births (95% CI 12.2 to 25.4), or 1 woman in 559. We observed a significant association between revenue index and seroprevalence; the rates were as high as 46.4 per 10,000 live births (95% CI 18.7 to 95.3), or 1 woman in 216, for Montreal island postal code areas with revenue indexes 20% or more below the provincial median. Extrapolation of the data suggested that 56 women with HIV infection gave birth to a live infant during 1989 in Quebec. Even though attempts to generalize the data from childbearing women to women of childbearing age have an inherent conservative bias, the results of our study suggest that 988 women (95% CI 713 to 1336) aged 15 to 44 years in Quebec had HIV infection in 1989. The actual number is likely substantially higher. The need for well-designed, creative interventions to prevent further HIV transmission to women is evident. Planning for the provision of medical and psychosocial services sensitive to specific needs of women who are already infected should start immediately.
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PMID:HIV infection among Quebec women giving birth to live infants. 198 1

During the period April 17-July 14, 1989, 820 pregnant women were offered HIV-antibody testing at the antenatal clinic, Aarhus Municipality Hospital. Seven hundred and seventy-nine (95%) agreed to complete a questionnaire concerning, among other things, previous HIV-antibody testing. 20% of the participants had been tested previously, half of them because they were blood donors. More than 3% had been tested because of self-perceived risk behaviour or a risk environment. In three women, the previous test had shown HIV-antibodies to be present, and three further women refused to report the test result. 81% of the women consented to be tested. Acceptance declined during the project period. Those who had not been tested previously consented more frequently than those who had. Students were less willing to consent than others. Nineteen out of 20 women (2.6%), who considered themselves at high risk, accepted the offer to be tested. Thirty-eight (5%) of the 150 women who declined to be tested, would have accepted if their general practitioner had suggested it. None of the women tested at present were found to be HIV-antibody positive. When the project was terminated, a total of 87% of the women had been HIV-antibody tested previously or at present. We suggest routine HIV surveillance of pregnant women by use of voluntary HIV-antibody testing in combination with anonymous testing (AUT technique) in case the women does not want to know the test result.
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PMID:[Acceptance of HIV antibody testing among pregnant women]. 223 30

Women attending an inner-city prenatal clinic between February, 1987 and August, 1988 completed a questionnaire to assess risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Women with risk factors were offered HIV testing. Testing was available to women without risk factors upon their request. Stored sera were obtained for anonymous HIV testing on patients not consenting for testing. Overall, 30 of 622 women (5%) tested HIV positive. Ten per cent of women acknowledging risk factors were seropositive vs 3% denying risk factors (P less than .001). Intravenous (IV) drug use was reported in 40% of seropositive women. However, 47% (14/30) of HIV seropositive women denied risk factors for infection. Limiting prenatal HIV screening to women acknowledging risk factors may fail to identify a substantial number of infected women. Screening for HIV infection, counseling, and education on risk reduction should be offered to all pregnant women.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus infection in women attending an inner-city prenatal clinic: ineffectiveness of targeted screening. 224 1

An anonymous human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seroprevalence survey was performed on bloods sent for syphilis serologic testing from the general medical or pediatric clinics or emergency room of a municipal hospital in the Bronx, New York City. From July-December 1987, 549 sera from persons aged 15-54 were collected. HIV antibody was detected in 29/549 (5.3%) sera, increased with age from 0% in the group under 20 to 16.7% in those aged 35-39, and was significantly higher in men (27/230, 11.7%) compared to women (2/319, 0.6%) (P less than .05). Among men aged 35-39, 10/29 (34.5%) were HIV infected. The HIV seroprevalence in emergency room sera was 8/61 (13.1%) versus 21/488 (4.3%) from the out-patient clinics (P less than .05). The presence of a reactive syphilis serology was strongly associated with HIV infection independent of gender (Mantel-Haenszel summary odds ratio (OR) 4.1, 95% CI [1.8, 7.7]) but was stronger for women with reactive syphilis serologies (OR 45.5, 95% CI 5.3, 387.6) than for men (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.2, 5.8). AIDS prevention strategies may reach at-risk sexually active individuals by focusing on hospital-based emergency rooms and out-patients clinics in areas with high HIV seroprevalence.
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PMID:HIV antibody in persons screened for syphilis: prevalence in a New York City emergency room and primary care clinics. 226 7

A large proportion of human immunodeficiency virus antibody (HIV-Ab) positive male soldiers are considered to be at no identified risk (NIR) because they do not disclose histories of sexual activity with other men, intravenous drug use, blood transfusions, or sexual activity with persons at known high risk for HIV infection. A case-control study involving personal interviews with 26 NIR cases and 74 controls was conducted to determine if lifestyle information that might jeopardize a soldier's military career could be obtained from an Army population and to evaluate risk factors for prevalent HIV infection. Subjects consented to a voluntary, anonymous, and confidential interview containing information on demographic characteristics, medical history, drug use, and sexual behavior. Of 26 cases interviewed, 20 (76.9%) reported behaviors defined by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) as risk factors for HIV infection, while 11 of 74 (14.9%) controls also reported such behaviors. This proportion of reclassified NIR cases was similar to that reported from the NIR case series study conducted by the CDC. Of the six (23.1%) cases who remained at NIR, all reported at least one of the following risks: a history of sexually transmitted diseases, sexual contact with prostitutes, or sexual activity with female partners which caused bleeding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Risk factors for prevalent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in active duty Army men who initially report no identified risk: a case-control study. 230 1

Ninety injection drug users (61 males, 29 females) attending the Addiction Research Foundation Clinical Institute completed an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire about their knowledge, attitudes and behaviour regarding Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. Sixty-two percent had used drugs for more than five years; 61% used primarily heroin, 20% cocaine. Needle sharing was common: 76% within 5 years, 37% within the preceding month, although 87% named needle sharing as a risk factor for HIV infection. Current needle sharers could not be distinguished from former sharers on selected demographic, attitudinal or knowledge variables. Twenty percent of respondents had been HIV tested (all negative); 88% reported willingness to be tested. Thirteen percent would consider suicide or resume heavy drug use in response to a positive test; 19% were uncertain about their response. There may be a risk of serious harm to IDUs who are tested in the absence of excellent counselling and support services.
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PMID:AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviour in injection drug users attending a Toronto treatment facility. 231 Oct 50

From 1 July to 31 December 1988 risk factors for HIV infection were systematically recorded for all individuals tested anonymously at our institution and compared with similar data observed when anonymous testing was introduced (1985-1986). The absolute number of homosexuals and intravenous drug abusers remained stable but their ratio decreased because most tests are now performed in persons with multiple heterosexual partners. More than half of heterosexuals said they used condoms. Tests were positive only in homosexuals and intravenous drug abusers. These data suggest that the ongoing Swiss nationwide educational programmes have been successful in reaching people potentially exposed to HIV. Such campaigns may still prevent the dissemination of HIV infection to the heterosexual population.
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PMID:[364 anonymous screening tests for AIDS at the Vaudois University Hospital Center: who? why?]. 231 51

The purpose of this study was to examine the knowledge of late adolescents concerning AIDS, and to determine if and how their sexual behavior had changed as a result. Approximately 300 adolescents (undergraduate US college students) were surveyed with anonymous letters and questionnaires and the data was analyzed by descriptive and nonparametric procedures (chi-square analysis). The survey consisted of 3 sections: 1) 28 AIDS knowledge questions; 2) 10 demographic items and 3) an open-ended questionnaire concerning changes in sexual behavior as a result of a fear of AIDS. Findings suggested that the adolescents were quite knowledgeable about AIDS and its transmission; however, only about 1/3 had altered their sexual behavior as a result of fear of the disease, because as a group, adolescents do not believe that AIDS is the reason for change, the disease has subconsciously changed the way they perceive sex they are more selective in choosing their sexual partners. Perhaps they also already practiced safe-sex. Suggestions for changing behavior through education include: 1) giving explicit information via counseling and education; 2) use of developmental counseling; 3) provide information on testing for HIV; 4) making effective use of the relationship between counselor and student or client.
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PMID:AIDS: late adolescents' knowledge and its influence on sexual behavior. 233 1

Clinical observations and empirical findings with regard to possible negative and positive consequences of the HIV-Antibody-Test are discussed. It was concluded that at the present time we should not recommend the test generally for all people, but rather suggest the way of test-counselling. Results of a pilot study demonstrate that during anonymous testing a conversation about the preceding risk behavior is possible with most of the testes. Recent discussions about aids with the partner or close friends had an important trigger function in their decision to ask for the HIV-Antibody-Test.
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PMID:[Positive and negative consequences of voluntary HIV-antibodies test]. 233 81

Previous serosurveys of antibody to HIV-1 among incoming male inmates in Maryland between April and June of 1985, 1986 and 1987 have shown a prevalence of 7.0, 7.7 and 7.0%, respectively, with stability persisting after multivariate adjustment. To investigate seasonality and update annual trends, excess sera were obtained from incoming male inmates between August 1987 and August 1988. Correctional personnel also provided demographic variables of age, race, offense, category, and jurisdiction. Once rendered anonymous, specimens were assayed for antibody to HIV-1 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot. For the 12-month study period, 415 (7.9%) of 5262 consecutive male entrants were seropositive. On univariate and multivariate analyses, no significant change in seroprevalence or risk by subgroup was noted by month or season. For data from April to June 1988, 113 (8.1%) of 1398 consecutive entrants demonstrated anti-HIV-1; seropositivity was associated with age greater than 25 years, Black race, and Baltimore jurisdiction. No significant change was found over time in seroprevalence or risk of HIV-1 infection by subgroup in multivariate analysis combining data for 1985-1988. These data provide additional evidence to suggest stability of HIV-1 seroprevalence in Maryland male prison entrants.
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PMID:Seasonal and annual variation of antibody to HIV-1 among male inmates entering Maryland prisons: update. 235 Apr 55


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