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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In order to determine the prevalence of risk behaviour for, and antibodies to HIV and hepatitis B in clients of a needle-exchange scheme in central London we employed an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire along with salivary antibody testing by immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibody capture immunoassay. Two hundred and thirty-two subjects (193 men, 39 women; median age 32) participated; a response rate of 89%. Clients were long-term, frequent injectors. Lending used equipment at any time was reported by 55%, and borrowing by 52%. Of those who had shared needles and syringes during the last year, the majority had lent to, or borrowed from, one person only (53 and 55%, respectively). Younger clients (less than 29 years of age) reported more recent sharing than older clients (greater than 30 years of age). Five out of 211 (2.4%) samples tested for anti-HIV were positive. One hundred and eleven out of 199 (56%) samples were positive for anti-hepatitis B core (HBc). In this population of needle-exchange attenders there is no evidence of further spread of HIV, and a low prevalence of HIV infection appears to have been sustained. However, the high prevalence of anti-HBc provides evidence of previous risk behaviour and so constant vigilance is necessary if further viral spread is to be avoided. This study has established an acceptable method for the anonymous surveillance of current risk behaviour and salivary antibodies to HIV and hepatitis B virus (HBV) in a drug-using population.
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PMID:Prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B and associated risk behaviours in clients of a needle-exchange in central London. 186 6

During a three-month period in 1989, 820 pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic of the Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark, were offered a HIV-antibody test and asked to fill out an anonymous questionnaire about attitudes to HIV-antibody testing; 779 (95.0%) agreed to do so. One hundred and fifty-six women (20.0% of the participants) had been tested on a previous occasion, and 629 (80.7%) accepted the present offer to be tested. The most prevalent reasons to decline testing were indifference to the epidemic (45.3% of those declining), refusal of (further) blood testing (34.7%) and fear of being infected (16.7%). Women who consented to be tested most often expressed fear of being infected (21.8%). Fear of registration worried less than 5% of study group members; only 1% declined to be tested because of such worry. The pattern of worries expressed by the pregnant women is interpreted as one of anxiety and, in part at least, perplexity as concerns how to take rational consequences of public messages about the HIV epidemic. It is suggested that future surveillance be based primarily on voluntary testing and, whenever needed and possible, supplied with anonymous unlinked testing of existing blood samples from groups and persons declining to be tested. Such surveillance strategies should be supported in individual patient contacts and public health educational campaigns underscoring the risk of heterosexual transmission of HIV and the need for repeated HIV-antibody testing of selected groups and individuals.
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PMID:Anxiety in voluntary HIV-antibody testing in pregnancy and its implications for preventive strategies. 186 58

The process of incorporating HIV education and counseling into the Mount Sinai Medical Center's prenatal clinic in New York City is provided in terms of background, the patient program, evaluation, and conclusions. There have been endorsements for inclusion of HIV testing and education in the practice of prenatal care and reported effectiveness in delaying the onset of AID's associated infections. The prenatal clinic provides health care to predominantly minority women (36% African American and 55% Hispanic) of whom 10-12% report intravenous or nonintravenous drug use; clinic births are about 1600 a year. Early attempts in 1986-7 to provide anonymous testing and counseling demonstrated the need to reach a large audience. Observations were that considerable staff training and support was needed for an effective patient program. Encouragement and support was also needed by patients. 8 one hour training sessions were provided to the nurses, as well as a 21 hour state certification program for the social workers, both groups of whom worked directly with patients. Intense reactions to caring for HIV infected persons occurs and emotional support must be included in the training. Additional staff support was provided through an AIDs prevention grant for a year. Continuous staff training is required. Another grant provided a clinical social worker and program coordinator who worked closely with the clinic director. The target was to integrate the HIV/AIDs information into routine clinic services; specifically, a 45 minute orientation session during patient's first medical visit. The groups discussion session is lead by the nurse's introduction to the clinic, patient care, and screening, and followed by the social worker's comments on voluntary HIV screening. Nonambiguous language which is understood by various educational levels was used. Patients needed more time to discuss the concerns for dealing with their partners about STD's and contraception. Testing was available throughout the prenatal clinic period. Posttest counseling is also provided as a review, and for those seropositive or high risk patients as initial crisis intervention and case management. There was nonjudgemental discussion about termination of pregnancy. 1453 patients out of 1600 were involved in the orientation, with 20% (297) rather than the preceding years 40 screened. Success is attributed to strong collaborative working relationships with medical, nursing, social work, and clerical staffs, and extensive prior education. Those identified as seropositive were followed up in a separate clinic.
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PMID:Incorporating HIV education and counseling into routine prenatal care: a program model. 187 35

The intention to treat HIV-infected persons and correlates of those intentions were examined in a cross-sectional sample of 1st- and 2nd-year medical students (n = 201). An anonymous questionnaire measured knowledge of HIV transmission, intention to provide medical care to HIV-infected persons, comfort in performing a physical examination on patients from subgroups with high HIV prevalence, level of homophobia, professional altruism, and personal perceived risk of HIV infection. Intention to provide medical care was considered as the dependent variable. All variables except perceived personal risk were found to be significantly related to the intention to provide medical care although knowledge showed the weakest relationship (Odds Ratio = 2.14). The presence of professional altruism and the presence of homophobia were associated with a significant increase in the effect of knowledge on increasing the intention to treat. Results of this report support other studies that showed that factors other than knowledge play a role in clinical decision making regarding patients with AIDS.
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PMID:Medical student attitudes toward the treatment of HIV-infected patients. 187 36

In the course of an unlinked, anonymous survey of anti-HIV seroprevalence among antenatal patients in the West Midlands, carried out between November 1986 and March 1990, seven out of 202,012 patient samples were anti-HIV seropositive. Although the numbers of women infected by heterosexual contact are still low in this region, it is likely that HIV infection is no longer limited to well-defined, male risk groups. It is therefore increasingly important to monitor the course of the epidemic through large-scale unbiased surveys of the heterosexual population in order to plan future preventive and health-care strategies.
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PMID:Unlinked surveillance of the prevalence of HIV infection in antenatal patients in the West Midlands, England. 191 38

Principal elements of the HIV- and AIDS-prevention in the social field and health care are discussed. The infection with HIV as a sexually transmitted disease can only be prevented by personal caution in the sexual behavior. Counselling should in particular be addressed to risk groups such as homosexuals and drug abusers early enough and contribute to practising safer sex. General rules of behavior and of the hygienics in hospitals are described. The risk of infection by blood transfusion is relatively low, namely 1:300,000 to 1:3 Mio. The modalities of optional anonymous epidemiologic system of registration (report, testing, counselling, care) are discussed. Finally problems of the development of a HIV-vaccine are described, and the necessity to avoid discriminations of HIV infected or endangered persons is underlined.
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PMID:[Prevention of HIV infection (AIDS)]. 192 56

This study evaluated the impact of psychosocial and knowledge-related antecedent factors on adolescents' sexual, alcohol-use, and drug-use behaviors associated with the transmission of STDs, including HIV. Additionally, the study examined the role of peer influences in determining STD and HIV risk behaviors, relative to knowledge and other psychosocial factors. Researchers surveyed 544 freshmen (9th graders) at 4 urban high schools, collecting the data through anonymous, self-administered questionnaires. The report provides a tabulation of the students' demographic and other characteristics. In order to analyze the data, the researchers employed a multiple regression model. The results of this analysis indicates that higher levels of STD and AIDS knowledge were associated with lower levels of STD and AIDS anxiety, fewer negative attitudes towards people with AIDS, stronger perceptions of self-efficacy in preventing infection, and stronger peer affiliation. Moreover, negative attitudes toward people with AIDS were inversely related to knowledge, social support, and perceived self-efficacy. The study also found that perceived peer norms and strong peer affiliation served as predictors of alcohol and drug use, while lower levels of knowledge and perceived peer norms served as predictors for nonuse of condoms. The findings of this study reveal several factors related to adolescents' risk of acquiring STDs: the connection between peer influence and adolescent risk behaviors, the relationship between the use of alcohol and drugs and sexual risk behavior, and the role of knowledge in determining the specific risk behavior of nonuse of condoms.
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PMID:Psychosocial and behavioral factors associated with risk of sexually transmitted diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus infection, among urban high school students. 194 94

In the United States, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission has been associated with anal sex without use of condoms. However, surveys of sexual behavior among homosexual/bisexual men (i.e., men who have had sex with men) and evaluation results from intervention studies have consistently shown that such risks can be reduced. Despite such reductions in risk, relapse from safer sex to riskier practices has been documented among homosexual/bisexual men. Because the serostatus or HIV risk behaviors of any sex partner can be difficult to ascertain, especially for anonymous partners, anal sex with nonsteady partners without using a condom remains a high-risk behavior. This report summarizes an evaluation by CDC of behavior changes among homosexual/bisexual men involving anal sex with nonsteady partners without use of a condom. The evaluation examined community demonstration projects, funded by CDC in 1986, to assess methods of preventing the spread of HIV infection primarily among homosexual/bisexual men.
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PMID:Patterns of sexual behavior change among homosexual/bisexual men--selected U.S. sites, 1987-1990. 194 29

By means of anonymous questionnaire survey an assessment has been made of Moscow teenagers' attitude to HIV-infected persons, of their views on measures taken in the USSR in relation to AIDS patients and HIV-infected persons, and also assessment of the educational effect of lectures. From 49% to 57% of the interviewed feel compassion for HIV-infected persons, and 19%-21% have negative attitude towards them. From 9% to 15% of the interviewed would break all kind of contacts with their friends if they become HIV-infected, from 39% to 45% would limit their contacts and 40% of teenagers would not change their attitude. About 50% of the interviewed consider it necessary to keep the diagnosis of AIDS secret, from 61% to 63% of the interviewed speak in support of isolating HIV-infected persons. Among those who listened to the lecture, a more humane attitude to HIV-infected persons has been registered. The lecture had a larger effect of girls than on boys.
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PMID:[Evaluation of adolescents' attitude to the problem of AIDS]. 194 7

An anonymous survey of elective surgery patients was performed to assess prevalence of antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in a large urban hospital. Of 4087 patients evaluated, 18 (0.4%) were found to be infected with HIV as confirmed by a positive Western blot antibody test. Assessment of risk factors demonstrated that patients with a history of a blood transfusion did not differ in demographics or rate of infection from the population as a whole. Of the 18 HIV infected patients, 13 gave an admission history of one or more risk factors, including 10 with a history of a prior positive test. Only five, or 0.12% of the patients, provided no history of a risk factor or a history of transfusion only. The authors conclude that the prevalence of HIV infection among elective surgery patients is low, and that there would not be any substantial benefit from screening such patients for antibody against HIV.
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PMID:Prevalence of infection with human immunodeficiency virus in elective surgery patients. 195 8


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