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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In order to determine the frequency of HIV seropositivity of sera from patients attending our hospital emergency department (ED) we used a HIV screening system based on the use of pooled sera. To determine the reliability of this marker we collect all ED serum samples during two different intervals of a week. From 577 sera analyzed by this method we detected 1.38% of HIV positive samples (95% confidence interval from 0.43% to 2.33%) with 74% benefit on reactives. We did not find significative differences between the rates of HIV seropositivity in the two period of analyzing (1.6% in October 1990 vs 1.2% in February 1991). The consistency of this method for anonymous HIV testing could be applied to a large number of samples from cohorts of expected low HIV prevalence rates and indirectly using this marker to control the spreading of HIV in a given population.
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PMID:[HIV antibodies in a hospital emergency unit. Detection through a system of pooled batches]. 148 34

A study was conducted to examine the relationship between coital frequency and risk behavior in relation to the number of coital partners and contraceptive/protective behavior and to study changes in contraceptive/protective techniques from 1st to most recent sexual intercourse. Data were gathered from 3000 Norwegians aged 17-19 years in anonymous self-administered questionnaires. A 63% response rate was achieved. 51% reported having used condoms at 1st intercourse, while 7% used contraceptive pills. 31%, however, used condoms most recently, while 38% employed the pill. Contraceptive pills were used most commonly among respondents with high coital frequency and few partners. Condom use was not particularly widespread among those with relatively large numbers of coital partners. Concerning beliefs about the ability of condoms to protect against sexually transmitted diseases (STD), HIV, and pregnancy, no significant differences were observed between those planning to use condoms and those not planning to use them at next coitus. In sum, results indicate that the majority of youths use condoms to protect against pregnancy, not STDs. The tendency toward serial monogamous relationships increases dependence upon the pill at the expense of the condom and makes sexually active teens less prepared to protect themselves against STDs in certain situations. Teens need to be taught about the protective value of condoms, with greater condom availability ensured where youths congregate.
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PMID:Use of birth control pills and condoms among 17-19-year-old adolescents in Norway: contraceptive versus protective behaviour? 149 44

The relationship of perceived occupational risk of AIDS and attitudes toward AIDS risk groups to behavioral intentions regarding the care of AIDS patients was examined among nurses (N = 496) residing in a selected area of New Jersey, a state with a relatively high number of reported AIDS cases. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses on anonymous mail survey responses revealed that, controlling for AIDS knowledge and years of education, nurses who perceived that caring for AIDS patients increased their risk of HIV infection scored higher on an index of intentions to avoid AIDS patient care. In addition, nurses who expressed more negative attitudes toward intravenous drug users or homosexuals were more likely to report similar intentions to avoid AIDS patient care. The implications of these findings for efforts to increase nurses' ability and willingness to provide quality care to persons with AIDS are discussed.
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PMID:Perceived risk of infection and attitudes toward risk groups: determinants of nurses' behavioral intentions regarding AIDS patients. 149 53

BACKGROUND--Previous surveys of resident physicians on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) matters have tended to focus on urban programs serving a patient population with an expected high prevalence of HIV infection. The objective of this study was to survey a community hospital residency program in a nonurban area with a perceived low HIV patient seroprevalence. METHODS--A 32-question survey was completed on an anonymous basis by the entire 74 member multidisciplinary resident physician group at a two-campus university-affiliated hospital program in southeastern Pennsylvania in May 1991. RESULTS--Residents perceived their patient population's HIV seroprevalence rate to be low although they believed their personal risk of occupational exposure to blood-borne infection was moderate to high. House staff most often complied with universal precautions for fear of acquiring a blood-borne illness and most often did not comply because of time constraints. Not perceiving the exposure as a health risk was the primary reason for nonreporting of exposures. Occupational exposure rates were alarmingly high, with suturing using a curved needle being the most common exposure method. Most residents were unfamiliar with HIV legislation. A majority of the house staff wanted improved HIV patient management training and life and disability insurance against occupationally acquired HIV. Many other important issues were addressed in this survey. CONCLUSION--Residents even in low seroprevalence environments do fear occupationally acquired HIV. A great need exists for improved training in universal precautions, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome legislation, and HIV patient management as well as for insurance against occupationally acquired HIV.
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PMID:Impact of human immunodeficiency virus on medical and surgical residents. 152 46

To assess sexual behavior changes after voluntary HIV testing and routine counseling, we interviewed 235 persons at 2 anonymous test sites in North Carolina. Among the 57 (24%) persons returning for follow-up 1 year later, 70% were male; 44% were black, 37% were homosexual, 10% were bisexual; and 16% were HIV positive. Overall, 28% of returnees at the initial visit and 33% on the follow-up visit admitted to having 2 or more sexual partners in the past month. At the initial interview and at follow-up, 21% of returnees reported condom use in the past month. Homosexual men were significantly less likely to use condoms during anal sex over time (58% non-use initially vs. 74% non-use at follow-up, p = 0.04). No significant net change in high-risk sexual behaviors was found at follow-up. Overall findings indicate that the standard HIV testing and counseling provided by health departments anonymously and free of charge does not result in elimination of high-risk sexual behaviors or initiation of safer sex behaviors among those at high risk for HIV infection.
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PMID:Impact of HIV testing and counseling on subsequent sexual behavior. 154 46

Since 1982, voluntary anonymous reports that meet the criteria of the WHO/CDC-AIDS definition are being collected by the Federal Health Office. By December 31st, 1989 a total of 4,306 AIDS cases has been registered. More than 80% of the reported cases are homo- and bisexual men and injection drug-users. The remaining cases are divided between hemophiliacs, persons who get infected by heterosexual contacts, blood transfusion recipients, and children infected pre- or perinatally. In 16% of all cases AIDS was diagnosed only on the basis of a Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and in another 6% on the basis of KS and an opportunistic infection (OI). KS occurred mostly in homo- and bisexual men. The relative proportion of KS has steadily decreased from 30% up to 1986 to less than 20% in 1989. The overall incidence of KS decreased mainly due to the decrease of KS in homosexual men with AIDS. OI were diagnosed in 70% of the cases. Pneumocystis-carinii-pneumonia is most frequent (47%), followed by candida-oesophagitis (19%) and toxoplasmosis of brain in 9.5%. A malignant lymphoma was diagnosed in 3% of the cases. Furthermore, HIV-encephalopathy was seen in 2.8% and HIV-wasting-syndrome in 1.6% of cases. There is a different spectrum of diseases at the first manifestation of AIDS diagnosed in injecting drug-users. The reasons for this may be due to different life-style in this group.
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PMID:[AIDS in Germany: clinical manifestations of AIDS]. 154 64

HIV-2 infections are rare in North America, with less than 30 cases identified since 1988. We conducted a surveillance for HIV-2 seroprevalence by re-evaluating 457 HIV-1 indeterminate serology specimens submitted to the Maryland Department of Health Laboratories from January 1, 1988 to July 15, 1991. All indeterminates were screened using a combination HIV-1/HIV-2 synthetic peptide EIA. The presence of HIV-2-specific antibodies in initially reactive sera was confirmed utilizing a selective HIV-2 synthetic peptide EIA and Western blotting. Eight sera from four adult males attending public health clinics in suburban Washington, D.C. were found to be specifically reactive for HIV-2 antibodies. One is a native West African; the others remain anonymous. All eight sera demonstrated a gag (core) and pol (polymerase) only pattern of reactivity on HIV-1 Western blots. Targeting selected groups of HIV-1 indeterminate sera from patients attending public health clinics may represent a more appropriate strategy to monitor the spread of HIV-2 in North America than testing similar samples from the blood donor population.
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PMID:Identifying HIV-2-seropositive individuals by reevaluating HIV-1 indeterminate sera. 845 Apr 10

Official records on HIV infections are useful instruments to register and demonstrate the spread of the virus in the population observed. The data resulting from the registries allow the estimation of the means and the variabilities of age, sex and the probable path of infection in the observed population. In Switzerland as well as in the Federal Republic of Germany, the mean age of persons whose positive HIV status is detected increases in the course of time. In Switzerland, relatively more women are infected, and injecting drug users play a more important role. In the Federal Republic of Germany the homo-/bisexual men seem still to be the most important group. Nevertheless, data without any reference baseline do not enable an inference to be drawn in respect of trends and prevalence in the general population. Data on blood donations, collected in Switzerland as well as in Germany, and data on anonymous testing collected in Switzerland, are helpful in estimating trends and prevalence in the general population. Data suggest that the overall prevalence is higher in Switzerland than in the Federal Republic of Germany. Of course, comparisons between different countries must take in account the different structure of reporting systems and attitudes toward these systems.
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PMID:[Epidemiology of HIV infections in Switzerland and the German Federal Republic--contribution of official surveillance systems, of anonymous testing and of blood donor screening]. 157 22

The Ontario HIV Seroprevalence Study of Childbearing Women is an unliked anonymous seroprevalence study designed according to the well-established ethical and legal guidelines for such studies. Commencing in November, 1989, randomly selected neonatal heelprick specimens were tested for the presence of HIV antibodies after all identifying information had been permanently and irrevocably unlinked from the specimens. During the first year of the study 94,119 (approximately 60% of all submitted specimens) were tested. Twenty-six specimens which were repeatedly reactive by EIA were confirmed as positive for an overall crude seroprevalence rate of 2.8 per 10,000 women having live births (95% CI: 1.8-4.1). Twenty-five of the 26 confirmed seropositive results came from babies born in hospitals in the Metropolitan Toronto, Ottawa-Carlton, or Hamilton-Peel-Halton regions.
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PMID:The Ontario HIV seroprevalence study of childbearing women: results from the first year of testing. 157 5

Knowledge of the heterosexual spread of HIV is needed to plan future health-care needs. In December 1989 we gained approval and finance for unlinked anonymous testing of neonatal Guthrie card samples in Scotland. Local ethics committee approval was required before testing could start. Twenty ethics committees were approached in the 15 Scottish health board areas. Nineteen of the committees have agreed, representing 99.6 per cent of births in Scotland. Our method of contacting ethics committees is discussed, as are the points raised.
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PMID:Ethics and ethics committees: HIV serosurveillance in Scotland. 157 49


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