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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An unlinked anonymous HIV antibody study of neonates, using surplus dried blood spots on Guthrie cards, was introduced as a means of estimating the prevalence of HIV infection in childbearing women. From March 1990 to February 1992, blood spots from 14,520 infants were tested for anti-HIV, using an HIV IgG antibody capture particle-adherence test; only one sample gave a confirmed positive reaction. This type of study involves no interference in routine care and can be operated without difficulty in a district general hospital setting where neonatal metabolic screening is performed.
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PMID:A pilot study of dried blood spot testing for HIV antibody in neonates. 128 31

Voluntary HIV testing was used to study the extent of HIV-1 infection in patients attending sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in England and Wales between 1985 and 1990. Homosexual and bisexual men and 10-20% of heterosexual men and women were invited to complete a study record and have an HIV-1 antibody test. The rate of newly diagnosed HIV-1 infection was higher in homosexual and bisexual men than in heterosexual clinic attenders. It was also higher in patients attending clinics in the South East compared with those attending clinics in other regions. From 1988 onwards, HIV infection was identified in heterosexual men and women who did not report behavioural risk factors associated with increased risk of HIV transmission. In the early years of the study, the proportion that agreed to complete a study record and have an HIV-1 antibody test was high in all groups. This proportion declined in those attending clinics in the South East, particularly among heterosexual men and women, less than 50% of whom agreed to take part in the study in 1989 and 1990. The decline in acceptance rate made voluntary testing unsuitable for monitoring trends in HIV infection. Unlinked anonymous HIV testing, which minimises the effect of participation bias, has become the method of choice for monitoring the prevalence of HIV infection.
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PMID:Voluntary testing to measure HIV prevalence in sexually transmitted disease clinics. 128 94

Two hundred and fifty attendees at two London genitourinary medicine clinics were asked to complete an anonymous self-administered questionnaire, enquiring about sexual behaviour whilst abroad. Two hundred and forty-three questionnaires were evaluable. In the study group there were 116 women, and 127 men (62 heterosexuals and 65 homosexuals). Ninety women, 53 heterosexual men and 53 homosexual men had travelled abroad over the preceding 6 months. Of these 18 (20%) of women, 26 (51%) of heterosexual men and 19 (36%) of homosexual men had sex with a local foreign contact on holiday. Although both heterosexual and homosexual men were statistically more likely to have sex abroad with a local inhabitant, women were more likely to have unprotected sexual intercourse with a local partner. This has important implications for the spread of sexually transmitted disease including hepatitis B and HIV.
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PMID:Sexual behaviour amongst travellers: a study of genitourinary medicine clinic attenders. 128 21

In order to improve educational programmes directed at health care workers we investigated their knowledge, attitudes and practices in relation to HIV/AIDS. An anonymous self-administered questionnaires was distributed to 609 health care workers. Of these, 59.6% agreed to participate (42.4% of the medical doctors, 74.3% of the nurses and 79.6% of the laboratory technicians, health visitors and other health care workers). All studied groups believed that their knowledge of HIV modes of transmission (84.3%) was sufficient. In contrast, a relatively small percentage reported knowledge of the clinical spectrum of HIV infection (48.8%) and the diagnostic assays (57.6%). Nearly all the study participants believe (92.8%) that there is a risk of acquiring HIV infection during the hospitalization of HIV/AIDS patients. Obligatory screening of all patients was reported by nearly all participants (90.6%) as a chance to minimize their occupational risk. Although health care workers reported satisfactory knowledge of safety measures (87.0%), only 56.7% used gloves and 38.8% accept the hospitalization of HIV/AIDS patients. In spite of the educational programmes for AIDS in Greece, this study demonstrates that health professionals' knowledge and precautionary measures are not sufficient. As a result, a small percentage of them treat AIDS patients without discrimination. There is an urgent need to implement specific educational programmes for health professionals so that they will safely provide high quality care to people affected by HIV/AIDS.
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PMID:Knowledge, attitudes and practices of Greek health professionals, in relation to AIDS. 129 86

By the end of September 1991, more than 60,000 cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) had been reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) by 31 countries in the WHO European region. Most of the cases (58,280/60,485-96%) were recorded in western Europe, chiefly in five countries: France (16,552 cases), Italy (10,584), Spain (10,101), Germany (6,968) and the United Kingdom (5,065). From the first reports in 1981 of European cases of AIDS until 1987, AIDS spread faster in the northern and central areas than elsewhere in the European region. Since then, the spread of the epidemic has been remarkably more rapid in southern Europe, while in eastern Europe AIDS is still in an early phase. More than 70% of the cases among homosexual or bisexual men were from the northern part of Europe, while the cases among intravenous drug users (IVDUs) were concentrated in the southern European countries, principally Italy and Spain. Over time, an increasing proportion of cases was recorded among IVDUs and in heterosexuals. More than 10,000 patients in Europe were diagnosed as having Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) (14% of all AIDS cases) or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) (3%) as the presenting clinical manifestation of AIDS. The possibility of predicting the evolution of the epidemic in Europe depends heavily on the development of unbiased monitoring systems for HIV infection in the general population (i.e. anonymous unlinked testing).
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PMID:The epidemiology of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and associated tumours in Europe. 145 40

Prostitute welfare and AIDS counselling are in the hands of one person in the rural area of the Westerland district. This offers the opportunity of continuously preventing this disease and giving guidance and the "human touch" in close care in case of a possible infection, especially in view of the lower number of cases examined and advised compared with the figures in the big cities. An anonymous poll among 41 prostitutes shows that they approve of and are satisfied with the concept of the "G-welfare". It also shows that the prostitutes themselves are hardly aware of the HIV-risk, that their customers only rarely accept condoms and that there are problems in the use and the toleration of condoms. These difficulties are the main aspects of the preventive work, as well as the psycho-social care and the personal relationship to those examining.
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PMID:[AIDS counseling in social welfare for prostitutes in the rural area]. 145 May 43

To evaluate factors that may affect the timely diagnosis of children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, we compared data derived from two population-based pediatric HIV studies. Data from anonymous newborn HIV serosurveys were used to estimate the number of children born to HIV-seropositive mothers. A statewide active surveillance project determined the number of HIV-exposed children who had been clinically recognized. Of 88,732 Massachusetts newborn specimens tested anonymously for HIV antibodies during a 12-month period (November, 1987, to October, 1988), 223 were positive. As of October, 1991, 78 of these children (35%) had been identified by a statewide network of infectious disease physicians. HIV-exposed children born in inner city hospitals were more likely to have come to medical attention than those born in suburban hospitals (47% vs. 17%). Among the 29 children with confirmed HIV infection (13% of 223), the initial evaluation for HIV occurred at an earlier age among children born in inner city hospitals than among children born in other areas. HIV testing practices that rely heavily on risk assessment may result in delayed diagnosis of HIV infection in children whose mothers are not perceived to be at risk.
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PMID:Perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection: extent of clinical recognition in a population-based cohort. Massachusetts Pediatric HIV Surveillance Working Group. 145 36

The object of this investigation was to evaluate the suitability of unlinked anonymous HIV screening of persons visiting one of eight out of the nine Danish clinics for venereal diseases in the national HIV surveillance. Data were collected during the period July 1, 1990-March 31, 1991 and included: gender, sexual orientation, history of intravenous drug use (IVDU), syphilis testing and HIV testing. A total of 7,455 persons participated of whom 75% were tested for HIV antibodies. The HIV test activity was significantly higher among male IVDUs than homo/bisexuals, and higher among female IVDUs than heterosexuals. The overall HIV prevalence among tested individuals was 0.6%, ranging from 0.1% among heterosexual women to 5.3% among female IVDUs. A total of 81% were tested for syphilis with an overall HIV prevalence of at least 1.1%, ranging from 0.2% among heterosexuals to 9.3% among homo/bisexual men. Since the non-participation is great and the venereological clientele is very heterogeneous, using blood taken for syphilis serology from this group for unlinked anonymous HIV screening, would not be particularly important as a supplement to the Danish HIV surveillance.
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PMID:[HIV testing and HIV surveillance of a venereological clientele in Denmark]. 146 27

This report describes the AIDS epidemic in East and Central Harlem, among the hardest-hit communities in the nation. Information was obtained from two New York State mandatory reporting programs: anonymous HIV antibody testing of newborns, and physician and hospital reports of AIDS cases to city and county public health departments. One of 30 babies born in East Harlem and one of 46 newborns in Central Harlem are seropositive. The cumulative rate of reported AIDS cases in these communities is 10-15 times the national rate, and together, the communities reported 1.3% of all AIDS cases in the nation, although they have only 0.1% of the nation's population; 2.2% of all childhood AIDS cases have been reported from East and Central Harlem. Women, minorities, and injection drug users comprise a higher proportion of the cases than in the city, the state, and the nation. The consequences of the epidemic in these communities are enormous, including profound stresses on community institutions and exacerbation of the resurgence of tuberculosis.
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PMID:The epidemiology of HIV infection and AIDS in east and central Harlem, NY. 148 Feb 2

Male college students completed an anonymous self-report questionnaire assessing HIV-related knowledge, attitudes, moral development, personality factors and behaviors. Bivariate analyses were used to identify factors associated with high-risk sexual intercourse. Significant demographic psychosocial and behavioral predictors were entered into a logistic regression analysis to evaluate the independent influence of each predictor on unprotected sexual intercourse. Behavioral factors were the most powerful predictors of unprotected sexual intercourse. Adolescents reporting multiple sex partners, drinking and picking-up sex partners were significantly more likely to engage in sex without condoms. Examining psychosocial factors alone, it was found that adolescents who had low scores for ego-development (goal-directedness) and self-control were significantly more likely to engage in sex without condoms. Identification of two personality constructs as underlying predictors of high-risk behavior, while potentially important for the development of effective HIV prevention programs, needs corroboration to further define the interrelationships between these factors and other psychosocial constructs.
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PMID:Self-control and ego identity development as predictors of unprotected sex in late adolescent males. 148 78


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