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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

While AIDS seizes the headlines, other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) create devastation of their own. In women STDs can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, causing lifelong pain, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy, which can kill. Children are born with blinding eye infections. Men are left infertile. People die of advanced stages of syphilis. Furthermore, STDs multiply the transmissibility of HIV, the AIDS virus, as much as ninefold.
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PMID:Population reports. Controlling sexually transmitted diseases. 823 82

We reviewed the features of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, whose only way of acquisition was heterosexual contacts, analyzing differences with others risk groups. Epidemiological features (age, gender, family situation, socioeconomic status and sexual behavior), clinical manifestations immunological status, and evolution of 40 patients with HIV infection through heterosexual contact are studied, and compared with others risk groups. All were attended in our center from 1985 to October 1991; 15 were in stage IV. Along the study period, the proportion of heterosexual patients has steadily increased to represent 40% on total number of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases diagnosed in 1991. This study allow to establish two groups of patients depending on the gender. All men had had occasional sexual contacts with prostitutes, most had no stable partner, they mainly were between their fourth and sixth decade of life, and they were stable partners of seropositive patients or prostitutes, they had an averaged age significantly lower than men, and they were diagnosed in earlier stages. Two groups with different features can be established among the patients infected through heterosexual contacts. Men are adults, and acquired HIV infection through contacts with prostitute; they are diagnosed in late phases of the disease. On the contrary, women are younger, with no homogeneous patterns of behavior and they are diagnosed in earlier stages. Complications throughout the evaluation were similar in the heterosexual and in the other groups.
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PMID:[Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics and clinical course of the HIV positive patient infected by heterosexual transmission]. 823 77

The prevalence of high risk sexual behaviors was assessed among heterosexual men (n = 154) and women (n = 109) voluntarily attending an HIV testing clinic in Jerusalem. Men were found to be involved more frequently than women in nonmonogamous relationships (66% vs. 45% respectively, P < 0.001), to have more casual partners (21% vs. 11% had three or more casual partners, P < 0.01), and to report passive oral sex (71% vs. 50%, P < 0.01) and anal sex (23% vs. 12%, P < 0.05). Condom use was not a very common practice, and was higher among men than among women (57% vs. 47% in vaginal sex, and 30% vs. 19% in oral sex respectively, NS). Appropriate counselling for this population attending the clinic is advised and urgently needed.
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PMID:Sexual behavior of heterosexual men and women attending an HIV testing clinic. 824 79

In July 1991 in Benin, a survey was conducted among 115 female and male nursing students aged 20-38 during their in-service training at the university hospital in Cotonou to determine their knowledge of HIV infection and prevention, their attitude toward HIV/AIDS, and their behavior. 98% knew actual routes of HIV transmission. 67.8% knew that HIV is sensitive to heat outside of the body and that it is not sensitive to fever in HIV positive individuals. 23.4% thought that HIV positive persons should be quarantined. 62.6% knew that HIV positive persons would develop AIDS. More than 80% asserted that they were strongly exposed to HIV infection at the AIDS Patient Care Services. Age at first intercourse ranged from 10 to 34 years (mean, 18.07 years). Men were more likely to have multiple partners than women (35% vs. 5%). 55.7% of nursing students regularly used condoms, especially among male students (p 0.05). 68.7% of nursing students wanted to undergo HIV testing. The remaining students did not want an HIV test for fear of a positive test inciting a suicidal attempt. 77.4% were afraid that they would find themselves infected during their practical training. The multivariate analysis showed that fear of becoming infected with HIV increased as the knowledge level fell. Lack of confidence to ask one's partner to use a condom had the most effect on fear of HIV infection (odds ratio [OR] = 7.47). Another strong factor was insufficient information on HIV infection (OR = 5.63). These findings suggest that the sexual behavior of the nursing students put them at higher risk of HIV infection than working with AIDS patients. They highlight the need to include HIV/AIDS education in the nursing curriculum.
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PMID:[Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): knowledge and fear of contagion in nursing students during their hospital training]. 828 23

In May 1993, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted product approval for the first female condom made of polyurethane. It provides some protection against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), but the data are limited on the effectiveness of the Reality Vaginal Pouch against STDs. Female condom users have a relatively high pregnancy rate. FDA requires the label for Reality to stress that latex condoms for men are most effective against STDs and HIV/AIDS. Men who are sensitive to rubber can use condoms made of sheep intestine or cecum (brand names: Fourex and Lambskin). These nonrubber male condoms prevent pregnancy, but do not prevent HIV transmission. A specialist in contact dermatitis suggests that rubber sensitive men use a nonrubber condom directly over the penis and then cover that condom with a rubber condom to protect against HIV transmission. A nonlatex thermoplastic elastomer has been used to make male condoms since the early 1990s, but FDA has yet to approve it. A recent article suggests that a thermoplastic elastomer may be the only choice for rubber sensitive males. FDA approval will increase the availability of a nonlatex thermoplastic elastomer condom. The contact dermatitis specialist reviews and follows up on other articles he has written over the last 20 years. Topics include ethylene oxide burns in hospitalized patients, paraben paradox, benzocaine as a contaminant in sunscreens containing glyceryl PABA, sensitivity to nickel, misuse of a patch test to detect hypersensitivity to mercury amalgam dental fillings, permanent destruction of the fingernails due to an allergic reaction to an acrylic nail preparation, and dermatitis due to visual display units.
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PMID:A "current contact news" follow-up: controversial subjects and those resulting in litigation. 829 83

In 1991, 772 male and female students at the University of Hawaii returned a questionnaire as part of a follow-up study to 1974 and 1979 surveys to examine their current sexual and contraceptive behavior and to compare this behavior with that in 1974 and 1979. Men were less likely to respond to the questionnaire than women (32 vs. 45.4%). 84.3% engaged in sexual activity compared to 69.55% in 1974. Mean age at first intercourse was 17.8 years. 66% of the students surveyed in 1991 experienced first intercourse before age 19, as compared to 44% in 1974 and 54% in 1979. Oral contraceptives (OCs) were the leading contraceptive method for 1974, 1979, and 1991 among all students (34.8, 32.6, and 30%, respectively). Condoms were the second most popular method for 1974 and 1991 and their use increased (18 and 28.4%, respectively). More students in 1991 either did not use any contraception or relied on withdrawal during first sexual intercourse than students in 1974 (43.9 vs. 40.9%). The main reasons for not using contraception included preference (21.7%), embarrassed (10.7%), and "feel prepared" (10.1%). 63.5% of students had just one sexual partner in the past year. 15.2% of women and 23.8% of men had more than 10 sexual partners. More women than men had been raped (21.6 vs. 13.3%). Most rapes in women were committed by someone they knew (e.g., partner, date, or relative). Just 3.3% of women who had suffered from rape were violated by a stranger. Almost 50% of students asked their partners about their sexual history before engaging in sexual intercourse. 10.7% of women and 7% of men asked their partner to be tested for HIV. Yet, neither request for sexual history nor HIV testing was associated with HIV/AIDS and condom use. 21% of women and 16% of men had a sexually transmitted disease (STD). 22% of women and 36% of men had been tested for HIV antibodies. 2 men were HIV positive. These findings showed that knowledge about STDs and HIV/AIDS did not significantly change sexual behavior, especially behavior leading up to first intercourse.
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PMID:Seventeen-year review of sexual and contraceptive behavior on a college campus. 831 29

The objective was to assess predictors of relapse into unprotected anogenital intercourse with casual partners among homosexual men in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. In the period 1984-91 1103 predominantly white, well-educated, homosexual men participated in the study. 340 participants were HIV-antibody-positive, and 763 men were HIV-antibody-seronegative. Self-reported data on sexual behavior were obtained at 12 semi-annual intervals. Mean age of the participants at wave 12 was 41.2 years, and participants had been homosexually active for an average of 23.2 years, Participants were categorized according to sexual behavior in waves 11 and 12, the interval in which an increase in unprotected anogenital intercourse with casual partners was observed. Participants who reported unprotected anogenital intercourse with casual partners at wave 12, but not at wave 11, were considered to have relapsed into unsafe sex (n=47). Men who did not report unprotected anogenital intercourse at wave 11 or at wave 12 were considered to have maintained a behavior change (n=197). Possible predictors of relapse into unprotected anogenital intercourse with casual partners included a large number of variables assessed from wave 9 up to wave 12. Bivariate relations between outcome measure and predictors were first assessed. Significant variables were entered in a multivariate logistic regression analysis. 4 variables were multivariately reacted to maintenance of safer sex behaviors versus relapse into unprotected anogenital intercourse with casual partners. The relationships found indicated that relapse was more likely to occur among participants who had less intention to avoid unprotected anal sex with casual partners (odds ratio (OR) 3.75), were less convinced that they can use condoms with casual sex partners (OR 3.54), had a less favorable attitude towards the use of condoms (OR 3.2), and were not involved in a primary relationship
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PMID:Why do homosexual men relapse into unsafe sex? Predictors of resumption of unprotected anogenital intercourse with casual partners. 839 49

A sample of San Francisco gay/bisexual men in substance-abuse treatment (N = 314) was compared to the San Francisco Men's Health Study (SFMHS) cohort to compare levels of sexual behaviors that are high-risk for HIV transmission. Quantitative data were supplemented by analysis of transcripts of focus group discussions with gay men in treatment at the same agency. Sexual risk for HIV infection was significantly higher for gay/bisexual men in substance-abuse treatment than among the community-based (SFMHS) sample of gay/bisexual men. Among those entering outpatient alcohol/drug treatment, 21% reported unprotected insertive and sex, 23% reported unprotected receptive anal sex, and 32% reported unprotected insertive and/or receptive anal sex during the previous 3 months. In comparison, in the SFMHS cohort, 17% reported unprotected insertive and sex, 15% reported unprotected receptive anal sex, and 22% reported unprotected insertive and/or receptive anal sex during the previous 6 months. Substance abusers in focus groups identified a number of factors that made it difficult to reduce their sexual risk behavior, including the perceived disinhibiting effects of alcohol and other drugs, learned patterns of association between substance use and sex (especially methamphetamine use and anal sex), low self-esteem, lack of assertiveness and negotiating skills, and perceived powerlessness.
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PMID:Sexual risk for HIV transmission among gay/bisexual men in substance-abuse treatment. 848 Dec 69

When full-scale surveys of HIV-1 prevalence are not possible, sentinel surveillance is conducted at specific sites with specific population groups. In this study, 2 sentinel groups have been monitored since 1989 in the Mwanza region on the shores of Lake Victoria in Tanzania. The groups included blood donors in all hospitals of the region an prenatal clinic attenders in Mwanza Municipality. Also considered specifically for this study were outpatients from all 6 district hospitals (including 2 roadside hospitals) who had given blood samples. Population survey data on HIV prevalence between August 1990 and February 1991 were available for reference use. The sample included 1090 blood donors aged 15-54 years, 800 outpatients from district hospitals, and 1193 pregnant women attending a prenatal clinic. Blood donors (49%) were tested with enzyme immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Outpatients provided capillary blood samples collected on filter paper, of which 4605 samples were further tested with ELISA. 1866 were excluded because of age, inadequate samples, or missing data. The results of the comparison of HIV prevalence in the sentinel group and in the population survey showed that in both groups HIV-1 infection was more common in women, particularly those 15-34 years old, than in men, who were particularly affected in the 25-44 year old group. Blood donors, who were mostly male and related to the recipient, showed a crude HIV-1 prevalence of 6% (65 out of 1090). Rates were standardized, and standardized prevalence ratios were calculated. In the general population in both surveys, prevalence was 4.5%. Men had a higher prevalence in non-urban areas. Among outpatients with fever who gave blood for anemia, the crude prevalence was 9% (115 out of 1339). Prevalence was higher in the sentinel group. Of the 33 sexually transmitted diseases outpatients screened for syphilis, 33% (11) were seropositive. Prenatal clinic attenders had a HIV-prevalence of 12% (138 out of 1193).
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PMID:Sentinel surveillance for HIV-1 infection: how representative are blood donors, outpatients with fever, anaemia, or sexually transmitted diseases, and antenatal clinic attenders in Mwanza Region, Tanzania? 850 21

The association of alcohol consumption and unsafe sexual behavior known to increase the risk of HIV transmission was examined among blacks, Hispanics, and whites. Data were obtained from a 1990 general population survey on alcohol use that included questions on sexual behavior. Analyses examined sex and ethnic differences in patterns of sexual behavior and the influence of demographic factors and alcohol use on risky sexual behavior. Patterns of sexual behavior differed by ethnicity and sex, with black and Hispanic men reporting more frequent sexual intercourse and a greater number of sexual partners. Women who were single and heavier drinkers with a longer history of sexual activity and of Hispanic origin were more likely to engage in risky sexual behavior. Men who were younger, single, heavier drinkers, and less religious were more likely to engage in unsafe sex, with black men being most at risk. The association of alcohol with unsafe sexual behavior implies that combining AIDS education with interventions that aim at reducing levels of alcohol use might lead to more effective AIDS prevention programs among high-risk populations.
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PMID:Alcohol, sexual practices, and risk of AIDS among blacks, Hispanics, and whites. 854 35


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