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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This report is a brief summary of important points concerning AIDS and homosexual men. We present the current overall figures of the cumulative AIDS incidence for Switzerland, the United States and the world and similar figures for homosexual men in Switzerland, the United States and Europe. A brief history of the epidemic is included with focus on the role of homosexual men. The main risk factors for acquiring HIV infection among homosexual men, including large numbers of sexual partners, receptive and intercourse and rectal douching, are mentioned with emphasis on results from "The San Francisco Men's Health Study". The development of education and prevention programs is outlined along with the role in these areas of The Swiss AIDS Foundation and Swiss Federal Office of Public Health. Decreases in high risk sexual practices and decrease in seroconversion rates are also discussed.
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PMID:Selected aspects of AIDS among homosexual men. 322 99

Heterosexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) appears to occur readily in Africa but less commonly in North America and Europe. We conducted a case-control study among men attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases in Nairobi to determine the prevalence of HIV infection and the risk factors involved. HIV antibody was detected in 11.2 percent of 340 men who enrolled in the study. Reports of nonvaginal heterosexual intercourse and homosexuality were notably rare. Recent injections and blood transfusions were not associated with HIV infection. Travel and frequent contact with prostitutes were associated with HIV seropositivity. Men who were uncircumcised were more likely to have HIV infection (odds ratio, 2.7; P = 0.003), as were those who reported a history of genital ulcers (odds ratio, 7.2; P less than 0.001). A current diagnosis of genital ulcers was also associated with HIV seropositivity (odds ratio, 2.0; P = 0.028). Multivariate analysis revealed an independent association of genital ulcers with HIV infection in both circumcised and uncircumcised men. Uncircumcised men were more frequently infected with HIV, regardless of a history of genital ulcers. Our study finds that genital ulcers and an intact foreskin are associated with HIV infection in men with a sexually transmitted disease. Genital ulcers may increase men's susceptibility to HIV, or they may increase the infectivity of women infected with HIV. The intact foreskin may operate to increase the susceptibility to HIV.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus infection among men with sexually transmitted diseases. Experience from a center in Africa. 339 82

We analyzed the association of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection and syphilis, the two most common causes of genital ulceration in homosexual men, with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in 200 men enrolled between 1983 and 1986 into a study evaluating the microbial causes of acute proctitis. Infection with HIV was independently associated with a history of syphilis, serologic evidence of syphilis, a history of HSV infection, and antibody to HSV-2. Antibody to HIV was not associated with a history of other genital infections or with antibody to Chlamydia trachomatis or HSV-1. Similar associations were observed in 111 asymptomatic homosexuals seen for HIV screening. Men who presented with primary HSV proctitis had a lower prevalence of HIV antibody than those with preexisting HSV-2 antibody (44% vs 68%); this suggests that HSV-2 infection antedated HIV infection. These data suggest that genital ulcerative diseases are an important risk factor for the acquisition of HIV infection in homosexual men; measures directed at control of these diseases may reduce the transmission of HIV in this population.
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PMID:The association between genital ulcer disease and acquisition of HIV infection in homosexual men. 340

The San Francisco Men's Health Study is a prospective study of the epidemiology and natural history of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a cohort of 1034 single men, 25 to 54 years of age, recruited by multistage probability sampling. At entry, June 1984 through January 1985, the seropositivity rate for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among homosexual/bisexual study participants was 48.5%. No heterosexual participants were HIV seropositive. Among homosexual/bisexual men reporting no male sexual partners in the two years before entry into the study, seropositivity was 17.6%. For those reporting more than 50 partners, seropositivity was 70.8%. Only receptive anal/genital contact had a significantly elevated risk of HIV infection. Douching was the only ancillary sexual practice that contributed significantly to risk of infection.
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PMID:Sexual practices and risk of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus. The San Francisco Men's Health Study. 354 Mar 27

Recruiting gay and bisexual men into AIDS-related research and education programs will become increasingly common as federal, state and local funds become available. The Pitt Men's Study, a study of the natural history of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, developed a recruitment strategy based on marketing principles. These techniques allowed the study to target particular gay and bisexual groups for inclusion. 1718 gay and bisexual men were recruited. Non-whites and unemployed men were targeted and recruited in numbers comparable to their representation in the larger community.
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PMID:Marketing strategies for recruiting gay men into AIDS research and education projects. 355 75

There has been some recent cause for concern regarding the quality of family planning services provided by England's National Health Service. Men are supposed to play a full part in the choice of contraceptive method and in the use of contraceptives, yet in practice this is not the case. There was no other male in evidence in the visit to the local clinic, and the nurse directed all questions in the consulting session to the female partner. Condoms were only mentioned by the doctor when discussion of this method was initiated by the individual being counseled. Due to a history of overstocking, the health authority had chosen, as a cost saving measure, to reduce the stock of condoms in each clinic. Consequently, the maximum number of condoms available per visit was restricted to 30. For a couple using condoms as their only contraceptive method, this might mean monthly visits to obtain sufficient supplies. In contrast, women who use oral contraceptives need to visit only every 3-6 months. Following this, a visit was made to the general practitioner who indicated that she was unable to supply the condom. This is because the British Medical Association has decided that general practitioners have enough to keep them busy without supplying condoms. Another disturbing finding during this period of disatisfaction with the family planning services provided by the local health authority was the fact that only women can register at the local family planning clinics. Many authorities have advocated the use of condoms to help prevent the spread of HIV, and technicalities of supplying condoms from family planning clinics must be overcome. Nurses as well other professionals and consumers can do much to improve this situation, and hopefully nurses will take the lead in bringing about some nationwide improvements.
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PMID:The best laid plans. 365 Jun 49

In this analysis the aim was to determine the independent effect of moderate to severe weight loss prior to an AIDS diagnosis on survival after AIDS. The study was conducted as part of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), a longitudinal study of HIV-1-seropositive gay or bisexual men. Measured weight and self-reported weight loss data were collected semiannually from 1984 through 1993. The study population included 962 HIV-1-seropositive men who developed clinical AIDS during the follow-up period. Median survival after AIDS was significantly lower for men with measured weight loss of > or = 4.5 kg 3-9 months and 3-15 months prior to AIDS, or who had lost > 10% of their baseline body weight compared with men with less weight loss or weight gain. Men with self-reported unintentional weight loss of > or = 4.5 kg 3-9 months prior to AIDS had significantly poorer survival (median = 1.05 years vs. 1.48 years; p = 0.0001) compared with men not reporting weight loss. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, men in the high measured weight loss group 3-9 months prior to AIDS still had significantly poorer survival [relative hazard (RH) = 1.36; p = 0.02]. Similar trends were seen for the two longer intervals prior to AIDS (RH = 1.38, p = 0.01; and RH = 1.50, p = 0.02, respectively). Men who self-reported weight loss > or = 4.5 kg 3-9 months prior to AIDS also had significantly poorer survival after AIDS (RH = 1.43; p = 0.002) in multivariate analysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Weight loss prior to clinical AIDS as a predictor of survival. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study Investigators. 755 99

The present study investigated perceptions of AIDS as a social problem relative to 10 other problems in a sample of 194 inner-city sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic patients. Within-subjects analyses showed that AIDS was viewed as a more serious problem than housing, alcoholism, and child care, while AIDS was less of a problem than employment, drug abuse, crime, discrimination, and teen pregnancy, and no different from transportation and health care. Factor analysis was used to identify the interrelationships among social problems as perceived by STD patients. For men, factor analysis showed that AIDS was most closely related to crime, drug abuse, teen pregnancy, and discrimination, with these problems constituting the first factor and accounting for most of the variance in the analysis. Men also placed AIDS with alcoholism and child care on the third factor accounting for little variance. For women, however, AIDS clustered most closely with alcoholism and child care, accounting for a minimal amount of variance in the analysis. Results further showed that perceptions of social problems among women correlated with HIV-risk-related behaviors. The structural context of social problems, within which AIDS is embedded, is discussed with reference to HIV-AIDS-prevention interventions.
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PMID:The perceived social context of AIDS: study of inner-city sexually transmitted disease clinic patients. 757 6

The objective of this investigation was to analyze the dynamics of risk for HIV-1 infection among young men in Thailand. We conducted a prospective study in a cohort (n = 1,236) of young men, aged 19-23 years at conscription into the Royal Thai Army and Air Force from six provinces in northern Thailand in May 1991 who were followed until their discharge in April 1993. The outcome measure was change since conscription in the frequency of self-reported sex with female commercial sex workers (CSW) during military service. Although 42% of conscripts reported no visit to a female CSW in the year prior to conscription, most had a visit during military service. Men who visited female CSWs infrequently at baseline increased their visits somewhat over time, whereas those with high initial rates of CSW visits decreased. Based on an assumed stable distribution over time, change from baseline was not statistically significant. Only marital status and high baseline CSW visit rates were associated with diminished visit frequency in multivariate analysis. No differences were seen in patterns of change in CSW visits by HIV-1 serostatus. More aggressive preventive interventions are needed to reduce the frequency of CSW visits in northern Thailand, a setting where 40-80% of all female CSWs working in brothels are now HIV seropositive.
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PMID:Dynamics of risk behavior for HIV infection among young Thai men. 758 45

The intent of this review was to familiarize the reader with the fascinating history of TB. I quote from Robert Louis Stevenson: "It is not a hard thing to know what to write; the hard thing is to know what to leave out." Also, this review by its very nature must be incomplete. It is certain that TB was present before the beginning of recorded history; it also is certain that we have not yet seen the end of the white plague. In the United States, the number of reported cases of TB decreased from 84,304 in 1953 to 22,201 in 1985, an average annual decline of 5.8%. Unfortunately, however, the number of cases has been increasing since 1985. These cases are predominantly in racial/ethnic minorities, persons from 25 to 44 years of age, men, and immigrants. Human immunodeficiency virus infection is at least partly responsible for the increasing number of cases. Additionally, new strains of M. tuberculosis that are resistant to multiple antituberculous drugs are being seen more and more frequently. In the mid-twentieth century, it was widely believed that advances in antituberculous chemotherapy and radiographic diagnosis might result in eradication of TB; this hope has not been realized. It is obvious that new challenges exist, and that others may lie ahead. One hopes that further advances will be made that will enable us to control this greatest killer of mankind, "The Captain of All These Men of Death."
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PMID:Tuberculosis. Captain of all these men of death. 761 Feb 35


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