Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The impact of the migrant mine labor system in South Africa on transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was assessed by reviewing the literature on epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and HIV, and interviewing at length 20 male miners and 24 women supporting themselves near the mines as prostitutes or mistresses. Interview subjects were selected by "strategic informant snowball sampling," a type of purpose sampling used in anthropological studies, best for collecting descriptive data. Interviews focused on familial, marital, sexual experiences and perceptions of migrant mine workers and their wives and female partners. While official reports from mine management states that there is little likelihood that HIV will spread among migrant workers and their contracts, STD morbidity rates in these groups have almost doubled between the mid-1970s and mid-1980s, and reports of HIV infection are high in some areas, notably Malawi and Botswana. The HIV prevalence among Malawian migrants rose from 3.8% in 1986 to 21% in 1989, with an African pattern of transmission. The migrant labor system is based on "hostels" where male mine workers live in barracks for long periods or indefinitely, separated from wives and families. Men pass the time drinking and seeking female companionship and sex, either as long-term sexual partners, casual short-term partners, or cash clients. The system takes a toll on marriages, with high rates of divorce and abandonment, leaving many women, who are then rejected by their families, with prostitution as their only subsistence option. People viewed AIDS education messages from mine management with suspicion, often blamed AIDS on the mines or other ethnic groups, and neither sex used or expressed interest in using condoms. Thus this population fits the description in the epidemiology of STDs of a high-risk core group with multiple partners and frequent partner change, and the mobility to be major carriers to urban, suburban and rural areas. It is suggested that AIDS education be initiated by empathetic groups such as trade unions and the African National Congress, by prevent suspicion of racism or genocide as motivation for the campaign.
 ...
PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus and migrant labor in South Africa. 200 69

This paper aims to assess the effects of voluntary anti-HIV testing on homosexual sexual behaviour. A sample of 502 men were recruited from four different areas of England. The criterion for inclusion was 'any man who had had sex with another man in the previous 5 years'. Men were interviewed about their recent sexual behaviour, histories of sexually transmitted diseases, experience of HIV tests and attitudes to the test. Men with a history of sexually transmitted diseases were more likely to have had the test. Thirty-one percent of men reported passive anal sex in the last month and 19% had had unprotected passive anal sex. These behaviours were most often reported by those testing HIV antibody positive and least by those never tested. The findings suggest that homosexually active men who volunteer for an anti-HIV test are broadly similar to those who do not. The absence of any clear effects of the test alone on sexual behaviour suggests that the quality of counselling in this area needs urgent attention.
 ...
PMID:The HIV test and sexual behaviour in a sample of homosexually active men. 203 44

Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are both tropic for CD4+ lymphocytes. To determine whether HHV-6 infection affects the susceptibility to or the course of HIV infection, HHV-6 titers were measured by an anticomplement immunofluorescence assay in serum of three groups of homosexual or bisexual men: (1) those with AIDS (n = 78), (2) those with HIV-associated lymphadenopathy (LAS; n = 81), and (3) those who were HIV-seronegative (n = 55). Early and late serum samples were available for 45 men with LAS (median interval 49 months). Men with early LAS did not differ from HIV-seronegative men in either the percentage that were HHV-6-seropositive or in the distribution of titers. There was a significantly lower percentage of seropositives in AIDS patients than in the other two groups (P less than .01). LAS patients who progressed to AIDS did not differ in percentage seropositivity or distribution of titers from nonprogressors. HHV-6 titers tended to decrease over time. HHV-6 titers late in LAS were similar to those in AIDS patients. These findings suggest that it is unlikely that previous exposure to HHV-6 either predisposes to or affects the course of HIV infection.
 ...
PMID:Lack of correlation between human herpesvirus-6 infection and the course of human immunodeficiency virus infection. 215 75

We examined the associations between seropositivity for hepatitis B virus (HBV) with the presence or development of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) and with HIV-1 induced T-helper lymphocyte deficiency or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Serologic data on HBV and HIV-1, cytometric enumeration of CD4+ lymphocytes, clinical events (AIDS by Centers for Disease Control criteria) and hepatitis B vaccination histories were available on 4,498 homosexual participants in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, Men were classified as to previous infection with HBV and prevalent or incident infection with HIV-1. Although there was an association between seropositivity for HBV infection and HIV-1 infection at enrollment (odds ratios anti-HBc 2.6; HBsAg 4.2), the relation between HBV seropositivity and subsequent seroconversion to HIV-1 was weaker (odds ratios 1.3 and 1.6). HIV-1 seroconversion was also associated with a history of certain other sexually transmitted diseases, but predisposing sexual practices did not account for the association between HBV and HIV-1 infection. Seropositivity for HBV infection at entry was not related to initially low or more rapid subsequent decline in T-helper lymphocyte counts and was not associated with an increased incidence of AIDS during 2.5 years of follow-up. History of vaccination against HBV did not appear to decrease susceptibility to HIV-1 infection or to subsequent progression of immunodeficiency. We conclude that prior HBV infection is unlikely to be specifically associated with acquisition of HIV-1 infection and is unrelated to more rapid progression of HIV-1-induced immunodeficiency.
 ...
PMID:Association of hepatitis B surface antigen and core antibody with acquisition and manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. 224 Mar 33

Previous research has shown younger age to be correlated with greater HIV sexual risk-taking among gay men. The purpose of this study was to identify variables associated with HIV risk-taking among younger gay men. Ninety-nine gay men aged 18-25 in three medium-sized West Coast communities completed self-report questionnaires regarding HIV-related behaviors and attitudes. Of the respondents, 43% reported having engaged in unprotected anal intercourse during the previous 6 months. Men who engaged in unprotected anal intercourse reported greater enjoyment of unprotected anal intercourse, perceived less risk of unprotected anal intercourse, labeled themselves as more at risk for AIDS, reported poorer communication skills with sexual partners, and were more likely to have a boyfriend/lover than men who had not engaged in high-risk sex. In addition, respondents perceived the likelihood of acquiring HIV from unprotected anal intercourse with young gay men to be significantly lower than with older gay men. These findings highlight the need for HIV risk-reduction interventions designed specifically for young gay men and identify critical areas to be targeted in such interventions.
 ...
PMID:High HIV risk-taking among young gay men. 225 63

A non-clinic cohort of 525 homosexually active men from London and South Wales were recruited in 1988 for a study by interview of sexual behaviour. A sample of blood was tested for HIV-1 antibodies. Seropositivity in London was 9.2% compared with 3.4% in South Wales. Men who were not regular STD clinic attenders had a lower rate of seropositivity than did those who were regular attenders. Men who were seropositive reported more sexual partners with whom they had anal intercourse and also reported more episodes of syphilis. Overall, rates of seropositivity were lower than those reported by studies from STD clinics.
 ...
PMID:Seroprevalence of HIV-1 infection in a cohort of homosexually active men. 226 39

Since the middle of 1987, fewer consistently defined AIDS cases have been reported than expected among homosexual and bisexual men in the United States. This "AIDS deficit" was greater among homosexual and bisexual men in New York City, San Francisco, and Los Angeles, but was also striking among all homosexual and bisexual men in the United States. Deficits were virtually absent among intravenous drug users (IVDUs) in the United States. Three independent sources of data--placebo-controlled trials, pharmaceutical company reports, and the San Francisco Men's Health Study--were used to demonstrate that the amounts of zidovudine (AZT) given prophylactically to those at highest risk of AIDS since March 1987 have been sufficient to account for most of the observed AIDS deficits. Other advances in the medical care of pre-AIDS patients may have combined with AZT to produce the deficits. Other hypothesized explanations were examined and found insufficient to account for the observed AIDS deficits, including: (a) a sudden halt in new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections during the early or mid-1980s; (b) misspecification of the distribution of AIDS incubation times following HIV infection; (c) increasing delays in the reporting of AIDS cases; (d) changes in the surveillance definition of AIDS in 1987; and (e) evolution of attenuated HIV strains. The hypothesis that therapy is affecting national AIDS rates has important implications. Failure to take the effects of therapy into account can lead to serious underestimates by back-calculation of the cumulative numbers infected with HIV and of AIDS incidence over the longer term. Moreover, it appears that AIDS incidence could be retarded in underserved groups, such as IVDUs, by making AZT and other state-of-the-art treatments readily available to AIDS-free patients with advanced immunodeficiency.
 ...
PMID:Therapy may explain recent deficits in AIDS incidence. 231 68

This paper describes how the threat of HIV infection is appraised and coped with by homosexual and bisexual men. Very little is known about men who do not want to be HIV tested, thus non-HIV-tested homosexual and bisexual men have been interviewed in depth about themes concerning their lives during the AIDS epidemic. Men with sexual risk behaviour appeared to be very reluctant to participate, and therefore six men with safe sexual behaviour and four men with unsafe sexual behaviour were interviewed. The results showed that all the men were well informed about AIDS and preventive measures. Reasons for not wanting a test were fear of psychological distress caused by a possible positive test and the fact that no treatment is available. The men who had adopted safe sex appraised their sex lives to have suffered a minor loss but found that sexuality played a subordinate role compared to trust and friendship. The men with risk behaviour considered sexuality to play an important role in their lives. They found condoms a barrier to intimacy and used defensive strategies to manage stress. Most of them were able to exchange social support with their network but had difficulties in setting their own limits. All four men had experienced undertreated traumatic events in their past. The results indicate that knowledge of AIDS and satisfactory social support do not necessarily result in safe sexual behaviour. The role of undertreated traumatic events forming barriers against adopting safe sexual practices should be further studied. Proposals are put forward for future health education programmes.
 ...
PMID:Homosexual and bisexual men's coping with the AIDS epidemic: qualitative interviews with 10 non-HIV-tested homosexual and bisexual men. 231 40

In the course of learning their HIV serostatus, gay and bisexual men participated in small discussion groups aimed at increasing their practice of safer sex. Small discussion groups were randomly assigned to receive one of two interventions: a lecture/discussion by a gay health educator, or an intervention that included the lecture/discussion followed by a small group process aimed at increasing social skills for safer sex and at increasing peer support for safer sex. Men completed questionnaires relating to their knowledge about HIV and AIDS, attitudes toward sexual behavior change, and self-reported sexual behavior. At second follow-up, one year post-intervention, men who had received skills training and peer support endorsed significantly stronger attitudes in favor of safer sex than did men receiving lecture/discussion only. In particular, skills training and peer support caused greater reduction of the value placed on ejaculation inside the partner, stronger endorsement of plans to use condoms, and greater reduction of negative attitudes about condoms, than did lecture/discussion only. These results are helpful to design interventions for men who continue to engage in riskful behavior.
 ...
PMID:Preventing HIV infection in gay and bisexual men: experimental evaluation of attitude change from two risk reduction interventions. 239 25

At Mulago Hospital in Kampala, Uganda, 270 consecutive patients at the dermatology and sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic were enrolled in a study to evaluate the association of clinical STD syndromes and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Female patients became sexually active earlier than male patients and were younger at marriage. Persons with a history of an STD during the preceding 5 years were more likely to be HIV infected (43%) than those without such a history (26%; OR 2.08, 95% C.I. 1.17, 3.73). Examination at the time of the visit demonstrated an association between genital ulcers and HIV infection in male and female patients (OR 2.21, 95% C.I. 1.08, 4.53, and OR 8.54, 95% C.I. 1.45, 87.55, respectively) but no association between HIV and urethritis or vaginal discharge. The etiologic fraction for HIV infection of genital ulcers was 0.218. Men with a history of contact with prostitutes were more likely to be HIV infected than those without contact (50% versus 28%, p less than 0.05), but once controlled for STDs, this relationship was no longer significant. This study confirms other studies from East Africa that have shown a relationship between genital ulcers and HIV infection. This finding, in the presence of no association between other STD syndromes and HIV infection, suggests that genital ulcers may be truly associated with HIV infection rather than a marker of high-risk activities.
 ...
PMID:The association of genital ulcer disease and HIV infection at a dermatology-STD clinic in Uganda. 239 52


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>