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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The authors studied thymus specimens taken at autopsy from eight acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients and compared these with those taken from four patients with congenital immunodeficiency (unrelated to an intrinsic thymus defect) and seven patients after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. In all cases, histology showed a severely involuted architecture, compatible with a debilitating disease before death. There were no major differences between thymus tissue in AIDS patients and in the other patients studied. This argues against the claim expressed in the literature that the epithelial microenvironment incurs particular HIV-1-induced injury in AIDS. This conclusion is substantiated by immunohistochemistry for HIV-1 gag and env proteins, and by hybridohistochemistry for gag/pol and env mRNA of HIV-1. Positive cells were observed only in low numbers, both inside the epithelial parenchyma and in the (expanded) perivascular areas. An interesting finding was the labeling of subcapsular/medullary epithelium in normal uninvoluted thymus by a number of antibodies to HIV-1 gag p17 and p24 proteins. Compatible with this labeling was the staining of epithelial stalks in hyperinvoluted thymuses irrespective of disease category. The previously reported cross-reactivity between HIV-1 core protein and thymosin alpha 1 cannot fully explain this observation, because the epithelium in the hyperinvoluted state is negative for thymosin alpha 1. This study confirms and extends previous reports on the endogenous presence of epitopes of retroviral antigens in thymic epithelium.
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PMID:The thymus in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Comparison with other types of immunodeficiency diseases, and presence of components of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. 247 55

Human monoclonal antibodies were raised by in vitro immunization of normal human spleen cells with denatured HIV-1 and subsequent fusion to an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transformed cell line. Three monoclonals reacted with both gag-encoded p24 core protein and env-encoded gp41 transmembrane glycoprotein. The cross-reaction was confirmed by reactivity with p24- and gp41-derived recombinant peptides. The peptides share two amino acid sequences which may be the basis for the cross-reaction. Attempted epitope mapping using synthetic peptides was unsuccessful due to non-specific reactivity with the short linear peptides.
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PMID:Human monoclonal antibodies to HIV-1: cross-reactions with gag and env products. 248 45

Two monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) reacting with different epitopes of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 core protein p24 (HIV p24) were used either singly or in combination as tracers in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The culture supernatant of 215 samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 112 patients were measured for HIV p24 and reverse transcriptase (RT) activity during cultivation. One hundred forty-one cultures were positive for HIV p24 and 122 for RT after 32 days of cultivation. After 8-9 days, HIV p24 was detected in 50.4% and RT in 27.8% of the cultures later judged as HIV positive. Two patients seemed to have substrains of HIV-1 not reactive with one of the Mabs.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 p24 production and antigenic variation in tissue culture of isolates with various growth characteristics. 248 39

Two polyclonal antibodies against verotoxin 1 and the core protein p24 of HIV 1 were raised in mice by a new immunization procedure. Both proteins were transferred to nitrocellulose, reacted with polyspecific antisera and the antigen-antibody complexes were then visualized by immunostaining. For preparation of antisera the stained protein bands were cut from the nitrocellulose sheets and implanted subcutaneously into the backs of BALB/c mice, without any adjuvant. A single booster was given 4 weeks later by implanting a second strip. All mice produced high titers of antibody directed against the antigen used for immunization. Thus, antibodies of high specificity can be elicited against protein bands in stained immunoblots.
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PMID:A new method for induction of specific polyclonal antibodies using immunostained proteins on nitrocellulose membrane, and HIV 1 core antigen and Escherichia coli verotoxin as examples. 248 76

A double blind cohort study was conducted on 149 homosexual males and 36 patients with AIDS to investigate the relationship between HIV-1 antigenemia, the presence of neutralizing antibody (NA) activity and specific anti-viral core protein (p24) antibody (Ab) in the sera of HIV infected individuals during their progression to AIDS. All AIDS patients and 68% (101/149) of the homosexual males were HIV seropositive upon entering the study. Of those 48 (32%) homosexuals who were HIV negative at the onset, three seroconverted during the two year observation period. Retrospective studies of the HIV(-) subjects' sequentially stored serum samples demonstrated an early transient appearance of gag encoded p24 antigen (Ag) which preceded their production of NA and specific anti-p24 Ab. Following their seroconversion, no more circulating p24 Ag could be detected. Among the 101 HIV positive homosexuals, 16% rapidly progressed to AIDS and seven of these 16 (44%) subjects eventually died during the two year observation period. In this group of individuals with poor prognosis, presence of NA and anti-p24 Ab commenced at the onset reaching peak levels just prior to developing AIDS and began to decline as the clinical course worsened. Their circulating level of p24 Ag remained undetectable as long as there was quantifiable NA and anti-p24 Ab in their sera. Reappearance of circulatory p24 Ag, on the other hand, was associated with high risk for progression to AIDS.2+hus, while only 11
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PMID:Inverse relationship between HIV-1 p24 antigenemia, anti-p24 antibody and neutralizing antibody response in all stages of HIV-1 infection. 249 67

The IgG subclass distribution to the E34/E32 peptides, derived from the HIV-1 glycoprotein 41 transmembrane protein, was analyzed in ELISA. Sera from individuals at different stages of the disease were assayed. A restricted subclass response of mainly IgG1 and IgG2 was found. The subclass response was of a different type than the one observed to HIV whole Ag and to a synthetic peptide from the C'-terminal part of the HIV-1 p24 core protein. An increased subclass restriction was observed in progressed stages of the disease.
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PMID:IgG subclass responses to a transmembrane protein (gp41) peptide in HIV infection. 249 81

Serum specimens which originally exhibited a narrow (indeterminate) 24-kilodalton core protein (p24) or p24/p55 pattern of reactivity with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the Western blot (immunoblot) test were studied to gather information on antibody specificity. A total of 12 specimens were initially reevaluated with an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), three enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), and Western blot analyses. Five of the specimens were IFA positive and contained anti-gp160/gp120 antibodies which were observed only when an HIV Western blot antigen rich in gp160 and gp120 was used. The remaining seven serum specimens were nonreactive by IFA and showed variable reactivity in HIV antibody ELISAs. The specimens did not cross-react with core antigens for human T-cell leukemia virus types 1 and 2 or contain detectable levels of HIV p24 antigen. The p24/p55 reactivity of six of the seven indeterminate specimens could be reduced or eliminated by preincubating the specimens with disrupted, HIV-infected H9 cells but not with uninfected H9 cells. The six specimens also exhibited discernible reactivity with recombinant HIV p24 antigen. When an additional 23 indeterminate specimens were assayed, all of the serum specimens were nonreactive by IFA while 65% (15 of 23) showed various degrees of reactivity with the recombinant p24 protein. There was no indication that any of the HIV core antibody reactivity was caused by HIV infection. Indeterminate results for five patients with specific p24 reactivity, who were retested after a period of weeks or months, remained indeterminate for HIV antibody with no significant change in ELISA or Western blot reactivity.
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PMID:Investigation of atypical western blot (immunoblot) reactivity involving core proteins of human immunodeficiency virus type. 250 54

The major core protein (p25) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was characterized by two-dimensional-gel isoelectric focusing. The p25 detectable in HIV-1-infected cells is composed of four species with related isoelectric points. This is due in part to the phosphorylated state of p25. The four species of p25 are expressed on the cell surfaces of infected cells, but only the two most basic species are incorporated into the HIV-1 virion. These findings emphasize the importance of p25 in understanding infection with HIV and might have implications for the development of vaccines.
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PMID:Cell surface expression of several species of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 major core protein. 250 23

The presence of Epstein-Barr virus antigens and genome was studied in lymph nodes from HIV + patients affected by PGL. Cryostat sections from 50 lymph nodes of HIV + patients were immunostained with EBV-VCA (viral capsid antigen), EBV-EA (early antigen) and p24 HIV major core protein monoclonal antibodies. In situ hybridization was performed using a biotin conjugated EBV DNA probe; the reaction product was demonstrated by immunohistochemical method. As positive controls, EBV producer B95-8 and HIV infected H9 cell lines were used. The majority of patients had circulating EBV antibodies mainly directed against the viral capsid antigen and only in few cases against early antigens. Positivity for HIV p24 protein was detected in 43 out of 50 lymph nodes within the germinal centers with a reticular pattern. Only 2 out of 50 lymph nodes presented very few positive cells for EBV antigens and none expressed detectable EBV genome. Our results suggest that EBV cellular expression does not correlate with serum positivity; furthermore the absence of EBV antigens and genome at tissue level might indicate that EBV is not directly involved in the pathogenesis of PGL.
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PMID:Interaction of HIV and EBV at lymphoid tissue level: immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. 254 15

To define the target antigens for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), assays were performed using affinity-purified human immunoglobulin (Ig) or polyclonal rabbit sera directed against specific proteins of HIV. ADCC was not found using affinity-purified anti-core (p25) human Ig or sera obtained from rabbits hyper-immunized with recombinant p25. However, when affinity-purified human Ig or rabbit antisera specific for the envelope glycoproteins, gp120 or gp41, were used in ADCC assays, killing of HIV-infected cells was observed. These results indicate that antibodies in the infected individual that mediate ADCC are directed against both the gp120 and gp41 HIV envelope proteins and not against the viral core protein.
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PMID:Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity is directed against both the gp120 and gp41 envelope proteins of HIV. 254 35


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