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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cord-blood sera of 36 babies born to HIV-positive mothers in Switzerland were tested for immunoglobulin (Ig) M or IgA by HIV Western blot. IgM was found in 28, and IgA in 19 of unabsorbed sera. Preabsorption with immobilized protein A or G was used to remove IgG, which allowed differentiation between HIV-specific and IgG-specific IgM or IgA. Protein G proved superior and showed that 30% of 23 sera had HIV-specific IgM, while 48% had HIV-specific IgA. HIV-specific IgM and/or IgA was found in 13 out of 21 cases (62%); four out of 21 (19%) had both. HIV-specific IgM reacted most frequently with pol or env proteins, while HIV-specific IgA reacted more frequently with gag than pol; no IgA were directed against env proteins. IgG-specific IgM and IgA, mostly at gag bands, were present in 83 and 38%, respectively. Thus, a large percentage of children born to HIV-positive mothers have HIV-specific IgA and/or IgM which can be distinguished from IgG-specific IgA or IgM, which is also present in the majority of such children. Future studies will have to show whether these antibodies are of diagnostic relevance.
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PMID:Frequent detection of HIV- and IgG-specific IgM and IgA antibodies in HIV-positive cord-blood sera: fine analysis by western blot. 250 3

Two hundred twelve patients with enzyme immunoassay and Western blot confirmation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were evaluated with anergy panel, lymphocyte cell surface phenotyping, lymphocyte transformation, and serum immunoglobulins. Mitogen responses were used to develop a lymphocyte transformation index (LTI) comparing the summation of each individual's response to its normal control. By multiple regression, anergy panel, absolute CD4 level, and LTI show a progressive decline and IgA shows a progressive increase when correlated with a worsening Walter Reed (WR) classification (R = 0.84). Lymphocyte transformation is first abnormal in WR class 1, absolute CD4 in WR class 3, and anergy and serum IgA in WR class 4. The above markers are useful to assess immunologic function in HIV infection. Lymphocyte transformation abnormalities precede other immunologic deficits in HIV positive patients. Serial evaluation of these markers may help define the immunologic response and natural history of HIV infection.
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PMID:Early lymphocyte transformation abnormalities in human immunodeficiency virus infection. 252

Of 693,000 volunteer blood donors in Washington, D.C., who were screened for infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) from July 1985 through December 1988, 284 tested positive on both enzyme immunoassay and Western blot assay. To determine the clinical importance of confirmed positive test results in asymptomatic blood donors, we followed 156 donors with positive Western blot assays and 80 donors with positive enzyme immunoassays but negative or indeterminate Western blots at 6-month intervals for a mean of 28 months. As compared with Western blot-negative persons, those with positive Western blots were significantly more likely to be black, male, and first-time donors and to have a history of venereal disease, generalized lymphadenopathy on examination, CD4-cell counts lower than 0.4 x 10(9) per liter, IgG levels higher than 18 g per liter, and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen on initial evaluation. In 17 (11 percent) of the Western blot-positive donors, the disease progressed to Class IV (symptomatic disease), according to the Centers for Disease Control system. CD4 counts below 0.2 x 10(9) per liter, IgA levels above 4 g per liter, abnormal proliferative responses to tetanus toxoid, and positive viral cultures were the strongest predictors of disease progression. Among the 80 donors with repeatedly reactive assay results but either negative or indeterminate Western blot assays, there was no evidence of HIV exposure in their histories, physical examinations, or laboratory evaluations, and manifestations of HIV infection developed in none of them. We conclude that a small number of persons with HIV infection continue to donate blood, despite attempts to exclude them, but that donors who test positive on enzyme immunoassay but persistently negative or indeterminate on Western blot assay probably do not represent a risk for the transmission of HIV.
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PMID:Clinical implications of positive tests for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in asymptomatic blood donors. 257 Oct 84

Ten human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infected homosexual or bisexual individuals (ages 24-45) with no history of opportunistic infection were examined, by culture, for the presence of yeasts in whole saliva and on oral mucosa. All were HIV-1 antibody-positive men, non-smokers, non-denture wearers, and taking no medication. The mean salivary level of yeast was four logs higher in the HIV-1 infected group compared to a control group of normal, unmedicated, non-smoking men (ages 20-41) who denied any risk behavior for HIV-1 infection. Identification of the yeast in these HIV-1 positive individuals established that Candida albicans was the predominant species found in whole saliva and on buccal mucosa and tongue. Distinct hyphae were observed with only one mucosal sample. No significant correlation was found between whole saliva yeast concentration and the T4/T8 lymphocyte ratios or absolute number of T4 cells. No correlation was observed between oral yeast concentration and anti-C. albicans IgA titers. The high level of oral yeast in these individuals prior to the development of opportunistic infections is consistent with the suggestion that oral defense mechanisms are compromised in individuals following HIV-1 infection.
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PMID:High levels of oral yeasts in early HIV-1 infection. 257 67

We report on two patients with acute human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, who developed an infectious mononucleosis-like clinical episode with thrombocytopenia and granulocytopenia. In both cases we detected the presence of IgG antigranulocyte antibodies and in one case the presence of IgG, IgM and IgA antiplatelet antibodies. The mechanisms of these cytopenias are discussed. The association between such autoimmune cytopenias and acute HIV infection has not been previously reported. We suggest testing for HIV seroconversion in patients with a seronegative infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome belonging to groups with a high risk for HIV infection.
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PMID:Autoimmune neutropenia and thrombocytopenia associated with development of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus. 270 31

To study the local immune response to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in women infected by or exposed to HIV-1, 75 women were studied: 15 were IgG-seropositive but clinically asymptomatic, 15 had acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), 15 were IgG-seronegative with seropositive husbands, and 30 were healthy seronegative women who were selected as controls. Serum samples and vaginal secretions were tested for antibodies to HIV-1 IgG and IgA by Western blot analysis. Antibodies of the IgG and IgA classes were detected in serum samples and vaginal secretions from healthy seropositive women and from women with AIDS. Local IgG antibodies to all viral proteins were detected by Western blot tests. Genital IgA antibodies were mainly directed to the core proteins p18 and p25, the p68 reverse transcriptase, and the gp160 and gp41 glycoproteins; IgA antibodies to the glycoprotein gp120 were rarely recovered. Antibodies of both the IgG and IgA classes in genital secretions were directed to all viral proteins, including surface glycoproteins, and could play a role in limiting the virus infectivity on normal mucosa.
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PMID:Antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus in vaginal secretions of heterosexual women. 276 Apr 96

We observed and characterized paraproteins present in the serum of seven human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals. Immunoglobulin (Ig) subclass typing performed on these paraproteins identified five as IgG1 kappa, one as an IgG3 lambda, and one as an IgA lambda. The IgG1 kappa paraproteins, purified by high-pressure liquid chromatography, contained the majority of anti-HIV-1 antibody reactivity present in the five serum specimens (ranging from 1:5,000 to 1:500,000) as demonstrated by immunoblot. All five IgG1 paraproteins had at least two light chain species as demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and the antibodies were reactive with multiple HIV-1 viral antigens. In contrast, the electrophoretically purified IgG3 lambda and IgA lambda paraproteins did not react with HIV-1 antigens and only one light chain species was detected by SDS-PAGE. The subsequent clinical evaluation of these patients following the initial observation of paraproteinemias failed to correlate the presence of paraproteins with the development of lymphoma over a 2 to 3 year period. These data support the hypothesis that IgG1 paraproteins present in the sera of HIV-1 infected individuals reflect a normal albeit exuberant polyclonal immune response to HIV-1 viral antigens. In contrast, the clinical significance of an IgG3 lambda or an IgA lambda paraprotein is unclear at present.
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PMID:The clinical significance of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-associated paraproteins. 280 75

Paired serum and saliva specimens were tested by conventional assays and by IgG-capture radioimmunoassays (GACRIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (GACELISA) for antibody to hepatitis A virus (HAV, 100 pairs), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV, 53), hepatitis B virus core (HBc, 62), and rubella virus (30). Conventional assays failed to detect viral antibodies in the saliva of 93 of 119 seropositive subjects. However, GACRIA detected the antibodies in both serum and saliva of all subjects seropositive by conventional tests, except 2 saliva specimens false-negative for anti-HBc and 1 false-negative for anti-rubella-virus. For anti-HIV and anti-HBc serum and saliva GACRIA reactivities did not differ significantly, but anti-HAV and anti-rubella-virus GACRIA reactivities were stronger in serum than saliva. GACRIA and GACELISA results on saliva for the four antibodies correlated closely; for anti-HAV and anti-HIV GACELISA and GACRIA were equally accurate. For both saliva and serum, GACRIA was superior to an IgA-capture assay in detecting anti-HAV and anti-HIV.
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PMID:Sensitive assays for viral antibodies in saliva: an alternative to tests on serum. 288 75

A cohort of 334 intravenous (IV) drug users from New York City drug treatment programs were followed over a mean 9-month period. Among the 165 who were seropositive at enlistment, four developed clinical AIDS, for an annual rate of 3%. Elevated IgA was a significant predictor of developing AIDS. Among 72 subjects who were initially seronegative and who were re-interviewed, four were seropositive at follow-up, for a seroconversion rate of 7% per year among seronegatives. Among seropositive subjects who did not develop AIDS or fatal AIDS related complex (ARC), continued drug injection was associated with rate of T4 cell loss, and there was a non-significant trend for males to lose T4 cells more rapidly than females. While it was not possible to distinguish the mechanism underlying the relationship between continued drug injection and T4 cell loss, seropositive IV drug users should be warned that continued injection may lead to increased HIV-related immunosuppression as well as, if injection equipment is shared, risking viral transmission to others.
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PMID:Development of AIDS, HIV seroconversion, and potential co-factors for T4 cell loss in a cohort of intravenous drug users. 289 11

Intrathecal (IT) immunity was assessed by simultaneous analysis of paired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and sera of 37 patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1). Only 8 of these 37 patients had no neurological or neuropsychiatric symptoms. There were 3 prominent abnormalities observed: (1) IT IgA production occurred in 15 patients, IT IgM production in 14 patients, and IT IgG production in 34 patients. (2) IT Anti-HIV-1 antibody specific activity (ASA) was higher than in serum in 33 of the 37 patients indicating that IT synthesis of antibody specific for HIV-1 occurs even in asymptomatic patients; IT anti-HIV-1 antibody synthesis was not correlated with clinical severity or neurological involvement. IT anti-herpes simplex ASA was also higher than serum ASA in 6 patients indicating a possible associated herpes simplex virus infection. (3) IT production of the complement component C4 was found frequently and was highly correlated with increased serum C4. IT C3 levels were decreased in 21 of 37 patients indicating that complement activation is a frequent accompaniment of the IT immune response in HIV-1-positive patients. These results indicate a unique and localized IT immune response which is different from the pattern observed in the systemic immune compartment in HIV-1-seropositive individuals and from the pattern common to the other CNS infectious diseases.
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PMID:Immunoglobulins and complement components in 37 patients infected by HIV-1 virus: comparison of general (systemic) and intrathecal immunity. 292 52


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