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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In order to improve the diagnosis of HIV infection in children born to seropositive mothers, 86 children were previously tested by Western blotting for anti-HIV IgA in tears and IgG in serum, at a median age of 9.2 months. To determine the exact value of the assay, 68/86 children of the same cohort were retested 9 months later. Nine children (13.4%) were seropositive and all had anti-HIV IgA in tears. Eight of them had possessed lachrymal antibodies 9 months earlier. The ninth child was seronegative when 9 months old and then seroconverted. Four children (6%), known to be seronegative, had an indeterminate Western blot pattern and no HIV IgA in tears. Fifty four (80.6%) were seronegative at 18 months; none of them had ever had anti-HIV IgA in tears. This highlights the fact that only the children without lachrymal HIV IgA at the age of 9 months became seronegative at the age of 18 months. Our results clearly show that the detection of anti-HIV IgA in tears is a highly specific and reliable diagnostic test in children aged less than 15 months, born to seropositive mothers.
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PMID:Detection of anti-HIV IgA in tears of children born to seropositive mothers is highly specific. 227 70

Thirty-seven HIV-1-positive patients contributed salivary samples from individual major salivary glands. Nineteen patients were unmedicated and asymptomatic, and 18 patients had developed signs of AIDS. Salivas from 15 healthy males served as controls. Levels of four salivary antimicrobial proteins (lactoferrin, lysozyme, secretory IgA, and histatins) were determined, as well as total fluid output of the major salivary glands. Concentrations of all four salivary antimicrobial proteins were found to be increased in the stimulated submandibular/sublingual saliva of all HIV-1-positive patients as well as the subset of unmediated HIV-1-positive patients. Those patients with evidence of oral candidiasis had the highest concentrations of lysozyme and histatins, potent antifungal proteins, in their saliva. Although the etiology of these protein increases is still unknown, these results further document salivary changes following HIV-1 infection.
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PMID:Elevation of salivary antimicrobial proteins following HIV-1 infection. 229 41

Human immunodeficiency virus infection is characterized by a progressive depletion of helper T-lymphocytes and, like allergic diseases, is associated with altered T cell regulation. Total serum IgE was measured in 67 infected male subjects, 27 uninfected heterosexual male subjects, and 18 uninfected homosexual male subjects. The mean IgE level (132 IU/ml) of infected subjects with a helper T-lymphocyte number less than or equal to 200/mm3 was significantly greater than mean IgE levels of the uninfected heterosexual (38 IU/ml) and homosexual (35 IU/ml) groups. IgE levels were inversely related to both helper T cell and suppressor/cytotoxic T cell numbers but not to IgG or IgA levels. The increase in IgE was not a reflection of an increased prevalence of atopic disease (allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis, or atopic dermatitis) in the infected subjects. The elevation of IgE may be related to a difference among the groups in T cell production of IgE regulatory lymphokines.
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PMID:Serum IgE and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. 230 48

An immunocytochemical technique allowing repeated use of antisera is applied to identify immunoglobulin-containing cells (ICC) of the IgG, IgA, and IgM class in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 298 patients with various neurological disorders. The demonstration of ICC in the CSF is highly indicative of an inflammatory disease (p less than 0.0001; Chi-square test). In the group of noninflammatory disorders ICC are only found in three cases of lymphomas, two dysgerminomas, and one glioblastoma. ICC of all classes are seen in acute viral and bacterial infections of the CNS including tick-borne meningopolyneuritis Bannwarth. IgG-positive ICC predominate in chronic inflammatory disorders like multiple sclerosis and HIV encephalitis. In HIV-positive patients IgA- or IgM-positive cells are strongly indicative of an opportunistic infection of the brain. Persistent high levels of ICC in three patients with bacterial meningitis are associated with a fatal outcome.
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PMID:Class differentiation of immunoglobulin-containing cerebrospinal fluid cells in inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system. 230 66

It has been suggested that the introduction of spermatozoa to the rectum leads to the development of a humoral immune response. The immunobead method was used to investigate antisperm antibody titre and prevalence and their relation to HIV status in 60 homosexual men attending the Royal Melbourne Hospital (Australia) HIV/AIDS clinic as part of an ongoing epidemiologic study. On the basis of their sexual practices in the preceding 6 months, the men were categorized into four groups: Group 1--unprotected oral intercourse only (n = 13), Group 2--unprotected oral and anal intercourse (n = 39), Group 3--unprotected anal intercourse only (n = 2), and Group 4--celibate (n = 6). Antibodies to sperm were found in the sera of 6 men (10%), all of whom were from Groups 2 and 3. Thus, the prevalence of antisperm antibodies in men who had practiced unprotected anal receptive intercourse in the preceding 6 months was 17%. Antibodies were of the IgG and IgA isotypes. There was no correlation between the presence of antisperm antibodies and antibodies to HIV or numbers of T lymphocytes. 30 men, including 2 of the 6 men with antisperm antibodies, were HIV-positive. These preliminary findings lend support to the hypothesis that antigen presentation in the lower gut may be a source of sensitization against sperm. They further suggest a possible role for antisperm antibodies as a marker of receptive anal intercourse.
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PMID:Anti-sperm antibodies in homosexual men: prevalence and correlation with sexual behaviour. 231 23

Two patients with AIDS-related complex who presented with renal failure and microscopic hematuria were found to have mesangial deposits of IgA at renal biopsy. Though such glomerular deposits have not yet been reported in patients with HIV infection, their occurrence is most likely not coincidental. Indeed, there are striking similar abnormalities in patients with primary IgA nephropathy and in those infected with HIV. A careful screening for microscopic hematuria may lead to disclose further cases of mesangial IgA deposits in patients with HIV infection.
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PMID:Mesangial IgA deposits in two patients with AIDS-related complex. 186 85

In order to investigate the progression to AIDS, we studied 39 patients with hemophilia ranging presently in age from 8 to 20 years, who had been positive for HIV antibodies for a mean of 36 months. Every 3 to 6 months a clinical and laboratory examination was performed. The number of patients with AIDS increased from 2 to 6 and 2 patients died from opportunistic infections. The percentage of patients with less than 500 T4 cells increased from 28% to 41%. Increase in serum IgA concentrations above 2.5 gl/l ranged from 23% to 38% of patients. Seven subjects were found to be positive for HIV antigen and 11 of 15 had a loss of p24 antibody. Patients' distribution into two groups according to the results of T4 cells count at the beginning of the study have shown a significant difference on the basis of clinical and biological progression. The present investigation confirms the progression in this population and the importance of some markers.
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PMID:[Prospective study of HIV infection in a group of 30 young hemophiliacs]. 234 45

Indirect assays for IgM and IgA antibodies often lack sensitivity and specificity due to interference from IgG antibodies. To overcome this problem we have developed a simple procedure using recombinant protein G coupled to agarose beads to remove the interfering IgG. A series of HIV seroconversion panels was tested by IgM and IgA immunoblot after protein G treatment in order to evaluate IgG removal and to study appearance of IgM and IgA antibodies in early HIV infection. Protein G treatment removed 99.9% of the IgG and reduced IgG anti-HIV titers of over 1/100,000 to undetectable levels. Both IgM and IgA HIV antibodies were detected as early in seroconversion as were IgG HIV antibodies. IgA HIV antibodies persisted for a longer period of time, reacted with more HIV proteins, and showed more intense staining than IgM HIV antibodies.
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PMID:Detection of IgM and IgA HIV antibodies after removal of IgG with recombinant protein G. 240 46

Experimental studies suggest that IGIV therapy can be highly effective in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in a number of different patient groups. Several intravenous immune globulins are available in the United States (Table 5). For the most part, these preparations are well tolerated, but adverse reactions have been observed. They may be due to a rapid rate of infusion, the presence of circulating immune complexes, or the production of anti-IgA by IgA-deficient individuals. With respect to HIV transmission, clinical experience strongly suggests that IGIV preparations are safe.
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PMID:I.v. immune globulin: efficacy and safety. 244 21

A 5-month-old white girl having persistent oral candidiasis was brought to medical attention because of acute respiratory distress, pneumonia, and hypoxia that worsened despite supportive care and antibiotics. Bronchial lavage fluid yielded Pneumocystis carinii. The diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was suspected, although enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot tests were both negative for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody. Immunologic evaluation included the following results: a low normal CD4/CD8 ratio 0.88, CD4 lymphocytes 493/microL, and elevated IgA 539 mg/dL and IgM 175 mg/dL with normal IgG 492 mg/dL. Lymphocyte stimulation study results were depressed. Lymphocytes sent for culture were subsequently positive for HIV. The mother was HIV antibody positive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot but belonged to no high-risk group and was asymptomatic except for chronic diarrhea. The father was HIV antibody negative. The patient was treated with pentamidine and IV gamma-globulin with good clinical response and a rapid decrease of IgM and IgA toward normal values. Subsequent candidal pneumonia and candidal esophagitis were treated successfully with amphotericin B. The patient has received prophylactic IV gamma-globulin infusions for 6 months and remains HIV negative by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot. This case of pediatric AIDS highlights the need to consider HIV infection in the differential diagnosis of any child with physical findings or illnesses suggestive of AIDS-related complex or AIDS, even when HIV serologic findings are negative and parents belong to no high-risk group. Parental testing for HIV antibody is suggested in such cases.
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PMID:Pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with negative human immunodeficiency virus antibody response by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot. 244 52


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