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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Human immunodeficiency virus infection of a human bone derived cell line was initiated by either cell free virus or with a cell to cell transmission method. The human bone derived cells were examined for 8 weeks, and virus infection was not detected when assessed by microscopy, immunofluorescence, reverse transcriptase activity, or infection of cocultivated human T lymphoid cells susceptible to human immunodeficiency virus. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of human bone derived cells inoculated with the cell to cell infection format showed less than 0.1% infected cells. It is possible that the infected cells detected by polymerase chain reaction were lymphocytes used in the cell to cell infection format. Alternatively, latent infection may have been established in the bone derived cells with no apparent expression of the proviral genome. A large proportion of bone is represented by human bone derived cells, and it is unlikely that bone will contribute to a significant human immunodeficiency virus reservoir in vivo. The blood of bone allograft donors is likely to have a greater virus bioburden than is bone. Methods to sterilize bone should be assessed by their efficacy to inactivate the virus in blood contaminating the graft, and methods to detect human immunodeficiency virus deoxyribonucleic acid in a bone graft may be less sensitive than examining the donor's blood.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus infection of human bone derived cells. 889 52

The incidence of cutaneous atypical mycobacterial infections is increasing. Their clinical presentation is variable. The atypical mycobacteria are difficult to culture and thus diagnosis can be difficult to establish. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and mycolic acid analysis have recently been used for mycobacterial species identification, but are not routinely used. Risk factors for cutaneous atypical mycobacterial infection include (1) immunodepression due to HIV infection, lymphoma, leukemia or immunosuppressive therapy. Immunodepression is responsible for the emergence of cutaneous infections by a large variety of atypical mycobacterial species, particularly in industrialized countries. (2) The natural environment is directly responsible for the emergence of cutaneous infections but a small number of atypical mycobacterial species including M. marinum in Europe and North America, and M. ulcerans in the tropics. (3) The medical environment when sterilization is inadequate is also not uncommonly responsible. Clinical features are rarely specific for mycobacterial species, and thus analysis of factors relevant to treatment is more important than species classification. We describe environmental forms (Buruli ulcer caused by M. ulcerans is endemic in the tropics, and swimming pool granuloma which is the aquatic form of M. marinum infection), opportunist forms caused by various species in immunodepressed hosts and iatrogenic and accidental forms mostly due to M. fortiutum and M. chelonei. We review the literature and update the clinical characteristics and risk factors for these diseases.
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PMID:[Atypical mycobacterial skin infections]. 899 95

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) type and strain variations were examined using both lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), spontaneously derived in vitro from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of 15 HIV-1-seropositive individuals; and SCID mouse tumours induced by inoculation of PBMC from 11 healthy human donors (Hu-SCID tumours). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis disclosed that all but one of the 26 EBV + samples harboured EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA) 2 and 3C type A virus. On the other hand, single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis using Epstein-Barr encoded RNA (EBER) specific primers detected an AG876-like (type B) band pattern in 21 of the 26 EBV + samples. Three Hu-SCID tumours scored as B95.8-like (type A), and two showed neither a type A nor a type B SSCP migration pattern. Sequence analysis of the amplified EBER fragments confirmed the PCR-SSCP findings; moreover, additional mutations were present not only in the two EBV + samples with anomalous SSCP pattern, but also in two other samples with a standard SSCP profile. Thus, EBER analysis did not correlate with EBNA typing, and appeared to be unsuitable for EBV type assessment. Latent membrane protein (LMP) analysis disclosed, on the whole, sever size variants: as expected, the differences were due to the variable numbers of a 33-bp repeat in the amplified fragment, as assessed by direct sequencing. The broader variability detected by LMP analysis should prove more useful than typing for assessing the presence of single and/or mixed variants resulting from EBV reactivation and/or reinfection.
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PMID:Analysis of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) type and variant in spontaneous lymphoblastoid cells and Hu-SCID mouse tumours. 902 83

The incidence of primary central nervous system lymphomas is increased several 1000-fold in AIDS patients. These are B-cell malignancies consistently associated with Epstein-Barr virus. They typically occur late in the course of HIV infection and are associated with a very short median survival. The pattern of Epstein-Barr virus gene expression is indicative of severe immunocompromise. Radiographic differentiation from toxoplasmosis remains a problem. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid, 18F-fluoro-deoxyglucose-positron emission tomography scanning, and 201-thallium single-photo emission CT are all promising noninvasive or minimally invasive diagnostic procedures that may obviate the need for brain biopsy in the future. Occasional patients have long remissions after therapy but most patients die within a few months. A possible role for combined modality therapy, including combination chemotherapy, is being explored.
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PMID:AIDS primary central nervous system lymphoma. 902 61

Breast cancer antigens RAK-p120, -p42, -p25 were detected in 100% of breast cancer cases tested (71 cases). Only 10% of adjacent tissue cases tested positive for all three cancer antigens, and 17.5% of the cases tested positive for two antigens only. Eighty-five percent of histologically normal breast tissue samples, isolated either from breast cancer patients or patients with advanced fibrocystic disease, tested RAK-negative, with the exception of low expression of p25, observed in some patients. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with HIV-1 gp 41-derived primers revealed cancer-associated DNA fragments of similar size (140 bp) as in HIV-1 genome. Fifty-four percent of cancer adjacent tissues, and 50% of malignancy-free breast tissue samples, tested PCR-negative. It is suggested that genetic predisposition to cancer may be associated with the presence of RAK genes, while expression of RAK antigens marks an already ongoing process of malignant changes.
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PMID:New protein and PCR markers RAK for diagnosis, prognosis and surgery guidance for breast cancer. 902 74

Recently, a new human herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8) has been identified in classic, transplant, endemic, and AIDS Kaposi's sarcoma that may be involved in the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma. The purpose of this study was to evaluate oral AIDS-Kaposi's sarcoma for detection of KSHV/HHV-8 DNA. DNA extracted from 54 oral AIDS-Kaposi's sarcoma lesions (47 initial, 7 postvinblastine treated), 5 non-Kaposi's sarcoma HIV-positive lesions, and 3 non-Kaposi's sarcoma HIV-negative lesions was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (KS330(233bp)amplicon) for KSHV/HHV-8. The AIDS-Kaposi's sarcoma study population consisted of 52 patients (51:1, men:woman; 92% men having sex with men, 8% heterosexual; mean age, 38 years; mean, CD4 59/mm3) Opportunistic infections occurred in 88% (candidiasis, 65%; Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, 31%; nonoral Kaposi's sarcoma, 25%; mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI), 16%; cytomegalovirus, 14%; herpes simplex virus, 14%). Sexually transmitted diseases occurred in 73% (gonorrhea, 37%; syphilis, 23%; condyloma, 22%; HSV, 16%). Most frequent lesion sites were palate (74%) and gingiva (17%). Most common lesion types were purple nodular (48%) and macular (42%). Histopathologic subtypes were nodular (71%), plaque (27%), and patch (2%). Polymerase chain reaction analysis detected KSHV/HHV-8 DNA in 53 of 54 AIDS-Kaposi's sarcoma lesions (47 of 47 initial, 6 of 7 postvinblastine treatment). KSHV/HHV-8 DNA was not detected in non-Kaposi's sarcoma lesions in HIV-positive or HIV-negative persons. KSHV/HHV-8 DNA sequence is present in a high proportion of oral AIDS-Kaposi's sarcoma lesions. Whether KSHV/HHV-8 is an etiologic agent or a cofactor in the development of this vascular neoplasm is uncertain and remains to be proven. Polymerase chain reaction analysis for KSHV/HHV-8 DNA sequence detection may be helpful in identifying Kaposi's sarcoma in early vascular proliferations, when the characteristic histopathologic features are not present.
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PMID:Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like DNA sequences (KSHV/HHV-8) in oral AIDS-Kaposi's sarcoma: a PCR and clinicopathologic study. 911 59

Novel approaches for the generation of more effective vaccines for HIV-1 are of significant importance. In this report we analyze the immunogenicity and efficacy of an HIV-1 DNA vaccine encoding env, rev and gag/pol in a chimpanzee model system. The immunized animals developed specific cellular and humoral immune responses. Animals were challenged with a heterologous chimpanzee titered stock of HIV-1 SF2 virus and followed for 48 weeks after challenge. Polymerase chain reaction coupled with reverse transcription (RT-PCR) results indicated infection in the control animal, whereas those animals vaccinated with the DNA constructs were protected from the establishment of infection. These studies serve as an important benchmark for the use of DNA vaccine technology for the production of protective immune responses.
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PMID:Protection of chimpanzees from high-dose heterologous HIV-1 challenge by DNA vaccination. 914

Human fetal thymus/liver engrafted SCID mice were constructed and studied for its susceptibility to HIVBRU infection by i.v. inoculation which seemed to represent an appropriate route of HIV infection in vivo. By the i.v. inoculation of HIV, the medulla in the engrafted thymus narrowed significantly when compared with that of the human thymic implant from virus-uninoculated mice. Further, immunohistochemical staining indicated the presence of HIV antigen predominantly in thymic epithelial cells in medulla of the engrafted thymus. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays resulted in amplifications of HIV genome in the implanted grafts as well as in lymph nodes and PBMC. The virus infections to the implants were confirmed biologically by coculturing with PHA-stimulated human PBMC and the graft cells from the HIV-inoculated SCID-hu mice. Thus, the i.v. inoculation of HIV into Thy/Liv SCID-hu mice induce narrowing of medulla of the engrafted thymus and may become an efficient and useful tool for screening candidate anti-HIV agents.
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PMID:Simple i.v. inoculation of HIV-1 to Thy/Liv SCID-hu mice induce reproducible HIV infection with narrowing of medulla in human thymic implant. 915 33

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), virus culture and antigen detection assays are useful for early detection of vertically transmitted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in infants under 12 months of age. Sixty-four children born to HIV-1-seropositive mothers were evaluated. Thirteen children (20.3%) were repeatedly positive by PCR analysis. There was 100% concordance between the results obtained from PCR and culture assays. Measurement of p24 antigen in serum was, in contrast, a less sensitive marker of HIV infection: only 5/13 infants had positive p24 antigen results. We have investigated the relationship among the HIV-1 biological phenotype, replicative capacity of viral isolates, HIV RNA copy number in plasma, p24 antigenaemia, CD4 T lymphocyte counts and the clinical status in 13 HIV-infected infants. Six out of 13 HIV-1 isolates from these patients were classified as rapid/high and seven as slow/low. We have found a significantly positive correlation between the replication rate of HIV isolates and their capacity to induce syncytia in vitro. The HIV-1 isolates with rapid/high and syncytium-inducing phenotype, and isolates with slow/low and non-syncytium-inducing phenotype were obtained from infants who had HIV-1 RNA copy number ml(-1) plasma values of 27654-83520 and 1342-34321, respectively. Levels of HIV-1 RNA were measured in sequential plasma samples from three HIV-infected infants and their biological properties determined in vitro. Our findings indicate that infants who carried viruses with more cytophatic biological phenotype and who had higher viral RNA copy numbers in blood were more likely to have lower CD4+ T cell counts and more likely to develop full-blown AIDS.
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PMID:Immunological and virological markers of disease progression in HIV-infected children. 924 Aug 57

Bartonella species are now considered emerging pathogens. Of the 11 currently recognized species, four have been implicated in human disease, although only two have been encountered in Europe. Bartonella quintana infections are now being diagnosed among the urban homeless and deprived, manifesting as trench fever, and Bartonella henselae has been shown to be the causative agent of cat scratch disease. Both species also cause a variety of HIV-associated infections, including bacillary anglomatosis. However, perhaps the most significant presentation of bartonellae infection is culture-negative endocarditis. The epidemiologies of Bartonella infections are poorly understood; most Bartonella henselae infections are probably acquired from infected cats, either directly by contact with a cat or indirectly via fleas. No animal reservoir has been implicated for Bartonella quintana; however, infection can be transmitted via the human body louse. Diagnosis of Bartonella infections can be made using histological or microbiological methods. The demonstration of specific antibodies may be useful in some instances, although certainly not in all. Cultivation of Bartonella is difficult, as the bacteria are extremely fastidious. Polymerase chain reaction-based or immunological methods for the detection of bartonella in infected tissues have proven useful. Clinical relapse is often associated with Bartonella infections despite a wide range of prescribed regimens. Only aminoglycosides display in vitro bactericidal activity against intracellular Bartonella species; therefore, they are recommended for treatment of Bartonella infections.
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PMID:Current knowledge of Bartonella species. 927 84


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