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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fever, loss of weight, anaemia, hepatosplenomegaly and lymphadenopathy developed in two HIV-infected patients. At first malignant lymphoma with septicaemia was thought to be the cause. In both patients Salmonella enteritidis was isolated by blood culture and found to be sensitive against the antibiotics that were given (5 g azlocillin and 2 g cefotaxime, three times daily each; additionally in case 2, metronidazole, 500 mg three times daily). Because bone-marrow biopsy demonstrated acid-fast rods, antimycobacterial treatment was started (isoniazid 300 mg/d, rifampicin 600 mg/d, ethambutol 1,200 mg/d and pyrazinamide 2 g/d). Despite this the patients died of septic shock. Histological examination revealed massive amounts of acid-fast rods in spleen, liver, gut and bone marrow. Polymerase chain reaction and sequencing identified the structure as that of the recently discovered M. genavense.
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PMID:[Mycobacterium genavense infection in AIDS]. 844 11

More than one-half of the children born to women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are not infected with HIV. Most of these children, although born antibody-positive, lose maternal antibody and remain asymptomatic. However, it has been unclear how many antibody-negative children of HIV-infected women may truly be infected despite the loss of passively acquired maternal antibody. One hundred nine children who lost maternal antibody after birth to HIV-infected women recruited in four United States maternal HIV transmission studies were examined for HIV infection. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to determine whether children had HIV proviral DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A total of 268 samples from 109 children were tested. Clinical status and other laboratory findings were also evaluated. The median age at last follow-up was 25 months (range, 12 to 48 months). One hundred seven (98%) children were negative by PCR on all samples tested. None (95% confidence interval, 0.0 to 1.9%) of 109 children had a repeatedly positive PCR. Two children had single positive PCR results that could not be confirmed on subsequent testing. No other laboratory or clinical findings supported HIV infection in either of these children. The loss of HIV antibody in an asymptomatic child born to an HIV-infected woman strongly suggests that the child is not infected with HIV. Single positive PCR results, particularly in the absence of other clinical or laboratory evidence of HIV infection, should not be used alone to diagnose HIV infection.
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PMID:Lack of detectable human immunodeficiency virus infection in antibody-negative children born to human immunodeficiency virus-infected mothers. 845 Oct 99

For diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection by the recently developed Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), the two commonly used clinical samples are either the peripheral blood monocytes (PBMC) or the plasma of the infected individuals. In the former instance, DNA is extracted from PBMC. The integrated proviral DNA is then amplified using HIV specific oligonucleotide primers. In the latter instance, RNA is extracted from plasma. This is reverse transcribed in vitro into cDNA by using extraneous reverse transcriptase. This cDNA is then used as a target in PCR experiments with HIV specific primers. In contrast we have recently used DNA directly extracted from plasma of infected individuals. This DNA was used for amplification of HIV genome with primer pairs specific for HIV. An interesting outcome of this study was a model to explain the presence of DNA of HIV in the plasma. We suggest that possibly there is an alternative mode of replication of HIV. Apart from the obligatory integration of the DNA of HIV into the DNA of lymphocytes as provirus, several additional copies of the DNA are also made which remain unintegrated. These probably exist as a housekeeping repertoire of the viral genome. These DNA molecules may be released into the circulation along with the newly formed mature virion particles during the usual course of replication and release of the virus. In our experiments with direct extraction of DNA from plasma, these unintegrated DNA of HIV may act as the target for PCR to give positive signals with HIV specific primers.
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PMID:Alternative mode of replication of human immunodeficiency virus: a hypothesis. 845 60

To determine the frequency and duration of antibody-negative human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among heterosexually exposed African women, 56 HIV-seronegative female prostitutes in Nairobi were studied. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect HIV DNA in peripheral blood at enrollment, and women were followed prospectively with serologic testing to determine HIV seroincidence. Six women (11%) were infected with HIV by PCR criteria at enrollment. Seroconversion occurred in 5 of these subjects within 1-12 months, while the sixth remained seronegative when last evaluated at 5 months. The cumulative annual seroconversion rate in the entire cohort was 38%. Using maximum likelihood analysis, the mean interval between HIV infection and seroconversion was estimated to be between 3 and 4 months, similar to that described for homosexual men and blood product recipients in the United States. Prolonged HIV infection in the absence of antibodies appears to be uncommon in this setting.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus infection among high-risk seronegative prostitutes in Nairobi. 850 33

Two-hundred and four cases of peripheral T cell lymphoma (PTCL) occurring in Europeans without any sign of HIV-infection were investigated for their association with an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was applied for EBV-DNA detection, in situ hybridisation (ISH) for the cellular localization of EBV-encoded small nuclear RNA (EBER) and immediate early gene expression (BHLF) and immunohistology (IH) for the detection of EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) and EBV nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2) expression. PCR and EBER-ISH produced congruent results in almost all cases with amplifiable DNA, leading to the finding of an overall frequency of EBV presence in 87/204 (42.6%) of the PTCL cases. Through EBER-ISH, the virus was identified to be exclusively present in small and blastic bystander lymphocytes in 29 cases, whilst an additional infection of neoplastic T cells was observed in the remaining 58 EBV-positive cases. The entity presenting with the most frequent EBV infection of tumour cells was that of angioimmunoblastic type PTCL, whilst the primary cutaneous PTCLs only seldom harbored the virus. Forty-eight of the EBV-positive TCLs showed an infection of a small proportion (1-20%) of the tumour cell population, whilst another ten cases, belonging to the pleomorphic TCL (PMTCL) group, displayed an infection of several to almost all neoplastic T cells (20-100%). Additional lytic EBV-infected cells could be detected in four cases by BHLF-ISH. LMP1 expression was present in a small proportion of the neoplastic T cells in 24 of the 58 cases with tumour cell infection, whilst an EBNA2 expression was detectable only in one case. Some non-malignant EBV-infected B-immunoblasts and Hodgkin/Reed Sternberg-like cells also expressed LMP1 in several cases. Our data imply a role of EBV in the pathogenesis of only a few PMTCL cases with predominant tumour cell infection, whilst the pathogenic significance of an EBV infection in the other PTCLs remains unclear due to the usually partial infection of the neoplastic cell component.
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PMID:Frequent presence of latent Epstein-Barr virus infection in peripheral T cell lymphomas. A review. 857 54

This study investigates the effects of cysteamine alone and in association with zidovudine or didanosine on the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). More than 90% viral inhibition was obtained by 200 microM cysteamine in lymphocytes and 100 microM cysteamine in macrophages against 4 primary isolates and 2 laboratory strains of HIV-1. Polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that cysteamine interferes with early steps of HIV-1 replication, before proviral DNA formation. The use of cysteamine in conjunction with zidovudine or didanosine brought about an additive antiviral effect without concomitant increases in toxicity. The concentrations of cysteamine that are effective against HIV-1 in vitro have been well tolerated over long periods by patients under treatment for cystinosis, an inherited disorder. These observations suggest that cysteamine alone or in combination with zidovudine or didanosine could be a new potential treatment of HIV-1 infection.
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PMID:In vitro inhibition of the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by beta-mercaptoethylamine (cysteamine). 865 98

Between February 1990 and March 1993, 759 female commercial sex workers who attended sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in Dakar, Thies, and Mbour, Senegal, were interviewed and underwent a general physical and detailed gynecologic examination so researchers could ascertain the influence of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection on the prevalence of cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) and squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) in this high-risk population. Most lesions were low-grade SIL. 619 had neither HIV-1 nor HIV-2 infection. 9%, 8%, and 2% had HIV-1, HIV-2, and concurrent HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection, respectively. Polymerase chain reaction revealed that 43% had HPV infection, while Southern transfer hybridization found only 7%. HIV-1 infected women faced a significant increased risk for HPV (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.9) as also did HIV-2 infected women (AOR = 1.7). Both these groups also faced an increased risk for SIL (AOR = 1.8 and 2.9, respectively), but the increased risk was not significant. Similarly, women infected with both HIV-1 and HIV-2 faced an increased risk of HPV and SIL (AOR = 4.9 and 5.2, respectively). Among women with HIV infection, women with HPV had a lower CD4 count and CD4/CD8 ratio (854 vs. 1033 million/l, p = 0.08, and 0.88 vs. 1.17, p = 0.05, respectively) than women with no detectable HPV. HIV-positive women with SIL had a lower CD4/CD8 ratio than HIV-positive women without SIL (0.65 vs. 1.03; p = 0.003). HIV-2 women exhibited lower immunosuppression than HIV-1 women. These findings show that both HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection were associated with HPV and SIL. The researchers expressed interest in longitudinal studies designed to examine the risk of high-grade SIL, the direct precursor of invasive cervical cancer, among HIV-infected women.
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PMID:HIV-1, HIV-2, human papillomavirus infection and cervical neoplasia in high-risk African women. 872 46

We have investigated viral breakthrough during a long-term culture of HIV-1-infected cells with the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) 6-benzyl-1-ethoxymethyl-5-isopropyluracil (MKC-442), nevirapine and loviride (alpha-APA). When the compounds were examined for their inhibitory effects on HIV-1 (HE strain) replication in MT-4 cells on day 4 after virus infection, the 50% effective concentrations (EC50) of MKC-442, nevirapine and loviride were 9.4, 98 and 21 nM, respectively. After a 48-day culture period, MKC-442, nevirapine and loviride completely inhibited viral breakthrough at concentrations of 1, 5 and 1 microM, respectively. These concentrations were 50-100-fold higher than their EC50 values. When the cells were treated with either MKC-442 (0.04 and 0.2 microM), nevirapine (0.2 and 1 microM) or loviride (0.04 and 0.2 microM) in combination with AZT (0.005 microM), only the combination of 0.2 microM MKC-442 with 0.005 microM AZT could completely inhibit the breakthrough of HIV-1 after a 68-day culture period. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis revealed that no proviral DNA was detected in the cells treated with this combination. Except for two combinations (0.04 microM MKC-442 + 0.005 microM AZT and 0.04 microM loviride + 0.005 microM AZT), all of the viruses isolated during combination treatments had various amino acid mutations in their reverse transcriptase (RT). These results indicate that the combination treatment with a relatively high dose of MKC-442 and a low dose of AZT may have potential to suppress the emergence of drug resistance during a long-term treatment in vivo and should be further pursued in HIV-1-infected patients.
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PMID:Complete inhibition of viral breakthrough by combination of MKC-442 with AZT during a long-term culture of HIV-1 infected cells. 879 10

Chimpanzees infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are used to model acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Since the central nervous system (CNS) is involved in AIDS, we performed an immunovirological study in 18 chimpanzees inoculated up to 87 months prior to the study (mean, 45 months) with HIV-1 and 8 uninfected controls. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) IgG and albumin levels of infected chimpanzees never exceeded those of controls. The CSF/serum albumin ratio was elevated in 1 of 18 infected chimpanzees compared to controls; however, all animals had an elevated ratio indicating a more open blood-brain barrier relative to humans. The intrathecal IgG production index was elevated in only 1 of 18 infected chimpanzees compared to controls. Identical serum and CSF IgG bands were found by isoelectric focusing in 2 of 8 controls and in 1 of 18 infected chimpanzees. None of these bands reacted with recombinant HIV-1 p24gag or gp 120env. HIV-1 was isolated from the peripheral blood of 4 of 18 infected chimpanzees but never from the paired CSF samples. Anti-HIV-1 antibody was detected by a enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 18 of 18 paired serum and CSF samples and by Western blot in 18 of 18 serum and 13 of 18 CSF samples from infected chimpanzees without a difference in pattern. Polymerase chain reaction analysis on brain tissue of one animal was negative for HIV-1 sequences. Our results demonstrate that, unlike human infection, chimpanzees inoculated with HIV-1 show no evidence of isolatable virus in the CSF and no evidence of intrathecal anti-HIV-1 antibody synthesis up to several years after experimental infection. The lack of CNS involvement may contribute to the delay or suppression of clinical disease in infected chimpanzees.
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PMID:An immunovirological study of central nervous system involvement during HIV-1 infection of chimpanzees. 879 80

The analytical variability of the new commercially available Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) assay, Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor, has been assessed to establish criteria for assessing the significance of HIV-1 RNA level measurements. Estimations of the standard deviations (SD) of log-copies in inter-assay (mean 0.09 log) and in inter-laboratory (mean 0.14 log) reproducibility experiments demonstrated that the assay can discriminate with 95% confidence between 3-fold (inter-assay) and 5-fold differences (inter-laboratory). The inter-lot reproducibility (mean 0.10 log) was similar to the inter-assay reproducibility. The HIV-1 RNA concentrations measured in plasma collected in potassium EDTA anticoagulant were slightly higher than those measured in plasma collected in sodium citrate. The HIV-1 RNA concentrations measured in sera were about 50% of the HIV-1 RNA concentrations measured in paired plasma samples. However, there was a strong correlation between these two measurements (P < 0.0001). The assay was used to measure viral RNA in the plasma of 50 HIV-1 positive individuals at different stages of infection. All the individuals had detectable HIV-1 RNA (300-957000 copies/ml). There was no correlation between HIV-1 RNA and Immune Complex Dissociated (ICD) p24 antigen, but HIV-1 RNA was correlated with CD4+ cell counts (P < 0.0001) and the clinical stage (P = 0.0042), with higher HIV-1 RNA concentrations in patients with a more advanced stage of the disease. The significant association of HIV-1 RNA with major markers of HIV infection and the reliability of this sensitive, easy-to-use RT-PCR assay indicate its suitability for use in clinical trials and suggest that this assay is appropriate for routine clinical applications.
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PMID:Assessment of a standardized reverse-transcriptase PCR assay for quantifying HIV-1 RNA in plasma and serum. 884 17


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