Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nationwide HIV-1 seroprevalence rates in Vietnam are estimated to be almost 10% for IV drug users (IVDUs), 3% for female prostitutes, and 2% for males attending clinics for sexually transmitted diseases. These estimated prevalences are comparable to those observed in the same risk groups in Thailand 5 years ago. Blood samples were analyzed from two female HIV-1-seropositive prostitutes and three male IVDUs in southern Vietnam during April and May 1995. HIV-1 infection was confirmed by nested PCR in all five samples. Sequence alignment and comparison of the 325-nucleotide region with the major HIV-1 subtypes from widely separated geographic regions indicate that the Vietnam HIV-1 strains are genetically most similar to virus strains from Thailand, diverging from well-characterized subtype E strains by 3.1-5.9% and 5.6-12.0% at the nucleotide and deduced amino acid levels, respectively. The interstrain genetic variation among the Vietnam env sequences was 2.5-4.9%. None of the prostitutes and IVDUs studied had traveled to or worked in Thailand or Cambodia, and neither of the prostitutes used IV drugs, suggesting that they were infected sexually with indigenous strains circulating within Vietnam. The phylogenetic clustering of the Vietnam HIV-1 strains and their relative low degree of sequence variability are consistent with a founder effect and the recent introduction of HIV-1 subtype E.
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PMID:HIV type 1 subtype E in commercial sex workers and injection drug users in southern Vietnam. 873 37

A novel series of hydroxyethylamine-based inhibitors of HIV protease which contain a substituted pipecolinic amide were developed. After preliminary screening, a representative of this series, compound BILA 2185 BS, demonstrated an IC50 value of 3.3 nM in the enzymatic assay and an EC50 value of 2.0 nM in cell culture. The plasma profile and bioavailability values for BILA 2185 BS in the rat will be presented. The analyte was isolated from rat plasma using a liquid-liquid extraction procedure. The analytical technique used utilizes a high performance liquid chromatography system with photodiode array detector. The range of the standard curve was from 10 to 5000 nM. Recovery values averaged 72.4 +/- 8.6% (mean +/- S.D.). The limit of detection for BILA 2185 BS was 6-12 nM.
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PMID:Determination of the HIV protease inhibitor BILA 2185 BS in rat plasma by liquid-liquid extraction and high performance liquid chromatography photodiode array detector. 883 77

To identify correlates of virologic response and survival, the reverse transcriptase (RT) genotype and in vitro antiviral susceptibility of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) isolates from 20 patients treated with didanosine were studied. Patients had advanced HIV disease and were intolerant to or had failed zidovudine. Neither RT genotype nor antiviral susceptibility testing, as determined by a peripheral blood mononuclear cell-based assay, correlated with a virologic response to didanosine, as determined previously by quantitative serum culture. Only one (8%) of 12 isolates obtained after 6-12 months of treatment showed mutation at codon 74 conferring didanosine resistance. Reversions were seen in three of five patients with pre-treatment zidovudine resistance mutations at codons 70, but in none of eight with mutations at codon 215. Pretreatment isolates encoding mutations at RT codon 215 or encoding codon 123 asp were associated with both significantly greater CD4 lymphocyte depletion and shorter survival. In this cohort of patients with advanced HIV disease, neither rapid emergence of didanosine resistance nor rapid reversion of zidovudine resistance was observed. To better understand the relationship between virologic response and in vitro susceptibility to didanosine, more precise tools may be needed.
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PMID:Reverse transcriptase genotype and antiretroviral susceptibility of human immunodeficiency virus isolates from patients with advanced disease treated with didanosine: correlation with virologic response and survival. 887 63

We conducted a study on injecting drug users attending one of 3 drug treatment centres in Naples, to estimate HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) incidence rates and to identify risk factors for seroconversion. Incidence rates were estimated using as denominator the person-time of follow-up of participants who were negative for both HIV and HCV at enrollment and who were retested within 6-12 months. Information on risk factors was collected using a standardized questionnaire. A nested case-control analysis was performed comparing seroconverters with persistently HCV-negative individuals. None of the initially non-infected participants seroconverted for HIV, while the incidence rate for HCV infection was approximately 29 per 100 person-years. Analysis of risk factors showed that age > 28 years and injecting use of cocaine were associated with HCV seroconversion. The protective role of methadone treatment was also marginally significant. Our findings suggest that HCV infection may represent an important public health problem in areas with low HIV circulation. The identification of specific risk factors for HCV infection is needed to plan effective prevention strategies.
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PMID:Incidence rate and risk factors for HCV seroconversion among injecting drug users in an area with low HIV seroprevalence. 912 28

The gp120-derived V3 loop of HIV-1 is involved in co-receptor interaction, it guides cell tropism, and contains an epitope for antibody neutralization. Thus, HIV-1 V3 is an attractive vaccine candidate. The V3 of the MN strain (MN V3) contains both B- and T-cell epitopes, including a known mouse H-2d-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope. In an attempt to improve the immunogenicity of V3 in DNA vaccines, a plasmid expressing MN V3 as a fusion protein with the highly immunogenic middle (pre-S2 + S) surface antigen of hepatitis B virus (HBsAg) was constructed. Epidermal inoculation by gene gun was used for genetic immunization in a mouse model. Antibody and CTL responses to MN V3 and HBsAg were measured and compared with the immune responses obtained after vaccination with plasmids encoding the complete HIV-1 MN gp160 and HBsAg (pre-S2 + S), respectively. DNA vaccination with the HIV MN gp160 envelope plasmid induced a slow and low titred anti-MN V3 antibody response at 12 weeks post-inoculation (p.i.) and a late appearing (7 weeks), weak and variable CTL response. In contrast, DNA vaccination with the HBsAg-encoding plasmid induced a rapid and high titred anti-HBsAg antibody response and a uniform strong anti-HBs CTL response already 1 week p.i. in all mice. DNA vaccination with the chimeric MN V3/HBsAg plasmid elicited humoral responses against both viruses within 3-6 weeks which peaked at 6-12 weeks and remained stable for at least 25 weeks. In addition, specific CTL responses were induced in all mice against both MN V3 and HBsAg already within the first 3 weeks, lasting at least 11 weeks. Thus, HBsAg acts as a 'genetic vaccine adjuvant' augmenting and accelerating the cellular and humoral immune response against the inserted MN V3 loop. Such chimeric HIV-HBsAg plasmid constructs may be useful in DNA immunizations as a 'carrier' of protein regions or minimal epitopes which are less exposed or poorly immunogenic.
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PMID:Improved humoral and cellular immune responses against the gp120 V3 loop of HIV-1 following genetic immunization with a chimeric DNA vaccine encoding the V3 inserted into the hepatitis B surface antigen. 960 Mar 9

A cohort of 103 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected persons with well-defined dates of seroconversion were studied to determine whether baseline plasma HIV RNA loads 6-12 months after seroconversion have prognostic value. Baseline plasma virus loads had predictive value for the disease-free survival rate and for the survival rate. The level of baseline HIV RNA also had a strong negative predictive value for the CD4+ T cell count during the fifth year of infection: A baseline load >5 log was predictive of a CD4+ T cell count <500/mm3 5 years after infection. Baseline HIV RNA load was a CD4+ T cell-independent predictor of progression to death. The major finding was that the disease outcome for HIV-1-infected persons is already determined during the first year of infection.
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PMID:The risk of disease progression is determined during the first year of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. 960 31

In previous studies, we have reported that the intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of HIV-1 infected human U937 cells into normal mice resulted in long-term persistence of anti-HIV antibodies and in a small percentage (10-20%) of HIV-1 infected animals at 6-12 months after the injection. The study reported here was undertaken to detect T immune defects in U937-HIV-1-injected mice. Eight months after the initial injection, a marked decrease in DTH response against U937 cells was detected in HIV injected animals. In addition, a consistent decrease in DTH response against a soluble mannoprotein antigen of Candida albicans cell wall (MP-F2) was also observed in U937-HIV-1-injected mice, chronically infected with low-virulent strain of the fungus. No decreases in DTH response was observed in control-injected animals. These data indicate that U937-HIV-1-injected mice become unable to mount a normal antigen-specific immune response. Although the mechanisms involved in the generation of these T cell defects remain unclear, these events appear to be somehow related to the HIV-1 infection and should be considered in the current studies of HIV-1 infection with transgenic mice.
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PMID:Decreased DTH response to recall antigens in mice injected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected U937 cells and infected with Candida albicans. 967 33

Hyperglycemia is an adverse effect that occurs with all protease inhibitors, although few cases have been reported in the literature. Most patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection receiving antiretroviral therapy are also taking at least one protease inhibitor. Patients with a family history of diabetes mellitus may be at a greater risk of developing this adverse effect. It is therefore prudent to monitor all patients starting protease inhibitor therapy for the onset of diabetes or hyperglycemia, particularly those with a family history of diabetes. Baseline fasting plasma glucose or serum glucose level should be measured with follow-up measurements every 3 months for approximately 6-12 months.
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PMID:A review of protease inhibitor-induced hyperglycemia. 991 85

In view of the fact that Russian immunoblot assay systems yield indefinite results, thus making it necessary to carry out prolonged dispensary observations of patients and their multiple examinations, the scheme of the expert diagnostics of HIV infection on the basis of EIA results is proposed. 51 sera which had yielded indefinite results in the immunoblot assay (antibodies to gagl, envl, poll) were handed over for verification to the Regional Center in 1996-1997. Patients from whom the sera had been taken were placed under dispensary observation in the Center for 6-12 months. After the retrospective analysis of these serum samples with the use of the EIA systems 40 samples proved to be negative and 11 samples gave the positive reaction.
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PMID:[A retrospective study of the expediency of performing the immunoblot in conducting expert diagnosis at a center for the prevention and control of AIDS]. 1009 7

T-cell responses were evaluated prospectively in 41 patients with acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection (30 untreated and 11 receiving zidovudine, lamivudine, and indinavir) and in 38 uninfected adults. By 6-12 months, treated patients had significantly greater median Candida and tetanus lymphoproliferative responses (stimulation index [SI], 76 and 55, respectively) than did untreated patients (SI, 7 and 6, P=.02 and.001, respectively), and the responses of treated patients surpassed those of uninfected adults (SI, 19 and 32, P= .002 and .101, respectively). Unlike the patients in the untreated group, the patients in the treated group mounted a 6-fold increased HIV-1 p24 response (SI increase, 1.0 to 5.7, P= .01) within 3 months. HIV-1-specific cytotoxicity remained detectable in most treated patients. Thus, combination therapy administered within 3-4 months of infection was associated with improved T-cell memory responses that were distinct from those of untreated patients. The amplified HIV-1-specific T-cell responses may help maintain cytotoxic activities.
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PMID:Effect of combination antiretroviral therapy on T-cell immunity in acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. 1060 58


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