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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Opportunistic infections (OIs) remain a serious problem for HIV-positive patients who remain vulnerable to fungal, parasitic, and bacterial infections. OIs continue to cause severe illness and death in many HIV-positive patients. Researchers are looking at ways to diagnose and prevent PCP, HIV-related cancers, CMV, resistant Candida, and MAC. Treatment regimens are outlined, and results from a number of studies are outlined.
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PMID:Opportunistic infections. 1136 82

An update is presented on some of the treatment developments for opportunistic infections (OIs) associated with HIV infection. Treatments discussed include clarithromycin and clofazimine for treatment of mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), azithromycin for prevention of MAC, fluconazole for prevention of fungal infections, MSL109 for treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis, and two new approaches for the treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma. Azithromycin's positive role in preventing PCP provides evidence of new directions in multiple OI prevention approaches.
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PMID:Opportunistic infections update. 1136 99

The U.S. Public Health Service and the Infectious Diseases Society of America recently updated the 1995 guidelines on prevention of opportunistic infections in HIV infected individuals. PCP prophylaxis has not been changed in the new guidelines. Primary prevention strategies for toxoplasmosis encephalitis are described. Preventive medication for tuberculosis is generally not recommended, especially for persons in high risk groups such as the homeless and injection drug users. Significant changes were made for the prevention of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), and guidelines were changed for preventing bacterial respiratory infections. Primary prophylaxis of most fungal infections is generally not recommended, but lifelong secondary prophylaxis is indicated for all deep seated fungal infections and CMV. Prevention of opportunistic infections in HIV patients has a significant impact on morbidity and mortality.
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PMID:Update: prophylaxis for HIV opportunistic infections. 1136 25

New and stronger anti-HIV treatments are decreasing AIDS mortality and opportunistic infections statistics. Studies in Baltimore, New Orleans, and France showed significant drops in new cases of cytomegalovirus (CMV), Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), Kaposi's sarcoma, and PCP. Drug side effects and drug adherence remain problematic. It appears that even a short-term reduction in viral load can produce long-term improvement in health and increase T4 cell count. Researchers speculate that HIV is less able to cause damage to the immune system when it mutates to become resistant to combination anti-HIV treatment. Another theory is that even small short-term reductions in HIV levels benefit the immune system.
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PMID:Good news about HIV treatments. 1136 24

Azithromycin (Zithromax) has been used to treat a number of infections, including mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). A study using Azithromycin to prevent MAC shows the drug's effectiveness in reducing the outbreak of MAC and also protecting from other infections, including PCP. This study involved 180 HIV-positive subjects, of which 89 received 1200 mg of Azithromycin once a week, and 91 received a placebo once a week. Fifteen percent of the treated subjects developed MAC infections compared to 30 percent of the placebo group. In addition, more subjects taking the placebo developed PCP than subjects taking the Azithromycin. Diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal pain were the most common side effects from Azithromycin.
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PMID:Azithro once a week for MAC. 1136 25

A 27-year-old woman, who is being successfully treated for HIV, has mostly normal results from physical examinations and feels well. Yet she had a chest X-ray that showed prominent perihilar adenopathy and a miliary pattern in all lung fields. Medical records from an open lung biopsy, photographs taken during the biopsy, and the pathology reports reveal histoplasma capsulatum infection, a rare occurrence in late-stage HIV infection, especially without concurrent symptoms including fever, wasting, cytopenias, and oral and intestinal ulcerations. It is not known whether the patient's highly active antiretroviral therapy allowed her to react to this organism as immunocompetent persons do, which is with well-formed granulomas. Her travel history was evaluated and showed that she had briefly passed through histoplasma-endemic areas of the southern United States. However, tests for histoplasma antigens returned negative, as did tests for serum histoplasma antibodies. Two immunohistochemical stainings for PCP were also both negative. The patient is being treated with Itraconazole, and may also be treated with a 3-week course of atovaquone for recurrent PCP.
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PMID:An alarming x-ray in a patient who feels well. 1136 83

Bactrim/Septra is a drug used for treating and preventing PCP (Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia) and toxoplasmosis. However, people with HIV are more likely to develop hypersensitivity reactions to Bactrim/Septra. NAC (N-acetyl-cysteine) is being studied to determine if its detoxifying properties could reduce the risk of hypersensitivity to Bactrim/Septra. However, a Canadian study found no statistically significant difference in the rates of hypersensitivity among the nearly 200 subjects.
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PMID:Study finds NAC fails to prevent Bactrim/Septra hypersensitivity. 1136 23

HIV/AIDS was the subject of some of the presentations at the annual meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (ISDA). The most significant presentation was by Dr. Anthony Fauci, who described the possibility of using IL-2 to purge latently-infected CD4 cells. Other presentations covered treatment of primary HIV infection, updates on developments of nucleoside inhibitors, an efavirenz (EFV) update, PCP prophylaxis, care delivery options, and co-infection with tuberculosis.
Hopkins HIV Rep 1999 Jan
PMID:Report on HIV/AIDS from IDSA: news from the mile high city. 1136 59

Seven case studies of HIV-positive patients are presented along with recommendations on possible treatment. The cases discuss starting regimens for treatment-naive patients; treating an HIV-positive woman presenting with PCP; and treatment failure in an adherent patient despite drug changes. Other issues addressed in the case studies are antiviral therapy for an asymptomatic patient diagnosed with HIV in 1985; using AZT with various antiviral regimens; and an antiviral regimen for an HIV-positive patient with Kaposi's sarcoma.
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PMID:Case studies on treatment. 1136 46

Epidemiological studies can help to understand the effects of medical treatment of HIV infections. Accordingly, this study was designed to discuss the most important parameters in Frankfurt/Main and other big German cities from 1984 to 2000. The number of HIV tests performed by Frankfurt's Virology has been decreasing continually since 1991. A decrease of new infections in men could be registered, whereas the number of HIV infected women rose. From 1985 to 2000 an annual mean value of 478 HIV infected men and 121 HIV infected women was registered in Frankfurt. The gender proportion was followed up for Frankfurt and Hamburg since 1985, for Berlin, Munich, and Cologne since 1993. All but one city showed a significant decline of infected males, only Berlin did not show any obvious changes in this proportion. Over the last twelve years the average age of men and women tested positive for the first time increased. An obvious shift could be discerned during the last two years concerning the distribution of risk groups. The percentage of HIV infected homosexuals and female i.v. drug addicts sank significantly over the last two years, the number of women infected by heterosexual contacts is still increasing when compared to data compiled from 1988 to 1992, and varies between 44% and 33%. During the same time-span a significant shift in first onset of AIDS-defining illnesses was observed. PCP (pneumocystis carinii pneumonia)--formerly represented with 35.5%--decreased and is now surpassed by tuberculosis with 25.5%. The general gender proportion (3:1) could not be reflected by AIDS-defining diseases of which NHL (non-Hodgkin-lymphoma) seems to have the shortest time-span (6.5 months) between the occurrence of illness and death.
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PMID:An epidemiological study of HIV-infections in Frankfurt/Main and other major cities in Germany. 1155 43


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