Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Trimethylsilyl triflate-catalyzed transfer glycosylation of 2,6-diamino-9-(3-azido-2,3-dideoxy-alpha- and -beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)purines (3 and 4) in low yields. Selective 2'-O-tosylation of 2,6-diamino-9-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)purine (2,6-diaminopurine riboside, DAPR, 5) followed by our lithium triethylborohydride promoted 1,2-hydride rearrangement gave 2,6-diamino-9-(2-deoxy-beta-D-threo-pentofuranosyl)purine (7). Tritylation of 7 followed by mesylation at O3', deprotection, and displacement of the 3'-mesylate with azide provided a stereodefined synthesis of 2,6-diamino-9-(3-azido-2, 3-dideoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)purine (AzddDAPR, 4). X-ray crystallographic analysis of 4 showed two orientations of the azido group, but consistent conformational features in the remainder of the molecule. In contrast, two independent conformations have been found for AZT. The azido function confers enhanced lipophilicity, which could be expected to contribute significantly to nonselective transport across membranes. A large difference in the octanol/water partition coefficients of the alpha (3) and beta (4) anomers wes found. The beta anomer (4) exerts potent inhibition of HIV-induced cytopathogenicity in human MT-4 cells (ED50: 0.3 microM). This concentration is an order of magnitude lower than that required for ddDAPR, AzddAdo, and AzddGuo. Potent inhibition of Moloney sarcoma virus induced transformation of murine C3H cells by AzddDAPR (4) was also observed. The alpha anomer (3) had no observed antiviral activity.
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PMID:Nucleic acid related compounds. 57. Synthesis, x-ray crystal structure, lipophilic partition properties, and antiretroviral activities of anomeric 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxy-2,6-diaminopurine ribosides. 275 2

This article deals with the precautions necessary for handling blood in a hospital environment. It is known that most people who present to the hospital setting may be unknowingly infected with HIV virus, and thus exposure to blood should be handled with care. Routinely, anyone who is at risk of coming in contact with contaminated blood should wear gloves. The nature of the gloves should differ according to the responsibility at hand. Thus plastic gloves should be used for vaginal examinations, standard rubber gloves for deliveries and surgical operations, and heavy duty gloves for scrubbing floors. Soap and water should be readily available for personnel in the event that presumed infected blood comes in contact with skin. A concentration of 0.5% sodium hypochlorite should always be available in the clinical setting, to treat unforseen blood spills. Instruments contaminated with blood could be adequately handled by using sterilization methods which are commonly in use. Boiling the instrument for 20 minutes in hot water is adequate disinfection. However, this method is not sufficient for fiber optic instruments; instead manufacturer's instruction should be followed. Steam sterilizers or autoclaves are more efficient for surgical instruments such as artery forceps. Clearly, simple methods of disinfection are adequate in killing HIV virus, and given that many people are already infected with HIV, sterilization would be a useful routine to practice in most hospitals in the developing countries.
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PMID:Precautions against HIV transmission in hospitals. 277 53

The choice as to which of the two gaseous processes is best suited to individual hospital needs is a difficult one. Very few items are unable to tolerate 73 degrees C (LTSF) and these few can withstand 37 degrees C or 55 degrees C (EO). Unfortunately, LTSF is a 'moist' process and sterilizers have a poor history of providing sterilization without modification, and consequently few are used. Ethylene oxide is more reliable, but environmental hazards are greater and running costs high. Both processes are time-consuming and the use of sporicidal disinfectants such as glutaraldehyde is often the only practical alternative. Before purchasing any gaseous sterilizer it is essential to consider throughput and the availability of alternative processes. It may prove sensible to share facilities or at least offer a regional facility. It is certainly not worthwhile purchasing expensive gas sterilizers for reprocessing inexpensive single-use items or for those that require disinfection only. Low temperature steam is safe, inexpensive and no special environmental provisions are necessary. It is, however, not a sterilization process. Disinfectants, hot water and steam will continue to be the only suitable methods for reprocessing items outside the hospital sterile supply department or disinfection unit. Concern over the decontamination of blood-stained instruments following use on patients with hepatitis B or HIV has led to an upsurge of interest in boilers and inexpensive bench top ovens and autoclaves. Such processes are likely to prove more effective than disinfectants but should heat treatment prove impractical then 2% glutaraldehyde or 70% alcohol may be used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Methods of reprocessing complex medical equipment. 289 20

With screening of the blood supply and effective heat and chemical treatment of blood product derivatives, the overwhelming majority of newly acquired adult HIV infections will result from consensual acts, through the exchange of blood or sexual secretions. Societal relaxation about discussion of sex, death, homosexuality, drugs, and abortion is essential to prevent further deaths. Careful partner selection, use of condoms in conjunction with nonoxynol-9 (a viricidal spermicide), and selected confidential HIV antibody testing could help decrease the number of infected persons. Efforts directed toward IV drug users to decrease initiation of drugs, make drug treatment more accessible, provide simple techniques for cleaning needles such as a quick rinsing with bleach and water, and emphasizing the risks of sharing needles could decrease the exponential rise of HIV infection in IV drug users. A substantial percentage of women infected with both HIV and hepatitis B are unaware of their infection. Information, counseling, and antibody testing of men and women prenatally with informed options could reduce infection in children. Health care providers must work through their own valid issues of fear and possible discomfort with various lifestyles to function effectively in the health professions.
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PMID:Prevention of HIV transmission. 306 May 18

We report here the results of a survey of 308 intravenous drug abusers recruited from hospital-based methadone maintenance or drug detoxification programmes located in Manhattan, New York City. Complete interviews and serological analyses for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) using both enzyme-linked immunosorbent and Western blot assays were obtained from 290 (94%) of the subjects. HIV antibodies were found by both assays in 147 (50.7%) of the tested subjects; conflicting results were found in three (1%) of the subjects; and negative results on both tests were found in 140 (48.3%) of the subjects. Logistic regression analysis identified significant relative risks for HIV infection associated with the frequency of drug injection and the proportion of injections in 'shooting galleries'. Additional risk among men was associated with a history of homosexual relations. Traditional efforts taken by subjects to clean syringes between uses, such as washing with water or alcohol, showed no evidence of being protective. Programmes aimed at prevention of HIV infection should focus on reducing use of shooting galleries and sharing of needles and syringes as well as reducing intravenous drug abuse generally.
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PMID:Risk factors for infection with human immunodeficiency virus among intravenous drug abusers in New York City. 312 88

A highly purified plasminogen concentrate, LYS-PLASMINOGEN Steam Treated, has been developed for thrombolytic therapy of arterial and venous occlusions in combination with fibrinolytic agents. In search of a highly efficient drug covering this indication, we decided to select the lys-form of plasminogen because of its higher affinity to fibrin in contrast to the glu-form. This property of lys-plasminogen also led us to expect an improved thrombolytic activity as opposed to other forms of the proenzyme. The intermediate product is manufactured from pooled human citrated plasma by ethanol fractionation after separation of coagulation factor proteins. Further processing includes specific transformation and purification steps. The final product is a freeze-dried preparation characterized by a high specific activity greater than or equal to 18.0 CU/mg protein and a content of lys-plasminogen of greater than or equal to 95%. To reduce the risk of viral infections, the plasma pool includes only plasma donations which are ALT tested and negative for HBsAg and anti-HIV. In addition the intermediate freeze-dried bulk powder is subjected to a virus inactivation procedure based on steam treatment for 10 hours under standardized product specific conditions without using special protein stabilizers. Physical parameters of steam treatment provide for a maximum virus killing effect without impairing the biological plasminogen activity or changing the molecular integrity of the product. In a preclinical test HIV was inactivated by 6 log 10 after 3 hours of steam treatment leaving a 7 hour safety margin for inactivation of more heat resistant viruses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Production and quality assurance of Lys-plasminogen steam treated. 312 8

The complete amino-acid sequence of the gp160 polyprotein of HIV (strain WMJ1) has been analyzed by the Eisenberg procedure. The region surrounding the cleavage site between the gp120 and the gp41 subunit contains a receptor-like region immediately followed by a transmembrane-like region containing approximately 13 residues. These two regions are separated by the cleavage site between gp120 and gp41. Since the same arrangement exists in some paramyxoviruses (unpublished observation) and since the effective cleavage between a receptor-like region and the transmembrane-like region is required in paramyxoviruses to generate fusogenic segment (located at the N-terminal sequence of the transmembrane-like region), we have focused our analysis on the conformational properties of the N-terminal peptide segment of HIV gp41. This peptide segment, which consists of a helical structure according to Garnier prediction, was oriented at the lipid-water interface using a theoretical analysis method that we recently developed. Analysis of the transmembrane peptide determined by Eisenberg method shows that the helical segment orients itself in the lipid monolayer obliquely with respect to the lipid-water interface. Since this rather unusual orientation for a membrane segment of a protein is also found in the fusogenic peptide of the Newcastle Disease Virus (Virus Genes, in press) and seems to possess membrane destabilizing properties, it is in agreement with previous reports suggesting a fusogenic role for the N-terminal part of gp41.
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PMID:Mode of insertion into a lipid membrane of the N-terminal HIV gp41 peptide segment. 325 43

A case study is presented of a 47-year old, white female with a 1-year progressive history of diarrhea up to 20 liquid stools per day, accompanied by an 18-pound weight loss. She had presented with previous workup of gastroscopy revealing two stomach ulcers; colonoscopy revealing nonspecific colitis and one polyp that was subsequently removed and found to be benign; and a negative abdominal ultrasound. She was Helicobacter pylori negative and HIV negative. Her stools had been negative for blood, ova and parasites, and culture. She had been using well water from a new well for 2 years. String test was negative for Giardia. She had no diarrhea during a day of fasting. Carbon 14 D-xylose breath test was positive. She was discharged on a 14-day course of 500 mg. Augmentin (amoxicillin 500 mg. with clavulanate potassium 125 mg.) by mouth every 8 hours. Seven weeks later, she was having four to five formed stools per day and had gained 16 pounds.
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PMID:Bacterial overgrowth in a patient with chronic diarrhea. 750 17

The AIDS epidemic has become one of the most important public health problems of this century. As the prevalence of HIV infection continues to rise, health care practitioners in all geographic regions can expect greater clinical exposure to patients infected with HIV. We conducted an anonymous survey of all practicing otolaryngologists in Ohio and California to investigate regional differences in attitudes, knowledge, and practices regarding the care of patients infected with HIV. We also examined the data with respect to year of completion of residency training to identify differences in attitudes or practices among otolaryngologists who trained in the era of AIDS (post-1982 graduates) in comparison with their predecessors (pre-1982 graduates). In comparison with Ohio otolaryngologists, California otolaryngologists reported more frequent clinical encounters with HIV-infected patients and displayed significantly better knowledge regarding the otolaryngologic aspects of HIV infection. Californians were more likely to support the right of an HIV-infected physician to maintain an unrestricted practice and would be less likely to disclose their HIV status to their patients and hospital if they were to become infected with HIV. Post-1982 graduates had more frequent encounters with HIV-infected patients than did pre-1982 graduates and demonstrated a better fund of knowledge. Although Californians were more likely than Ohioans to routinely double glove in surgery, the overall double gloving rate was low at 21%. Californians were no more likely than Ohioans to routinely use protective eyewear, water-impervious gowns, or indirect instrument-passing techniques in surgery. No differences were observed in prevalence of protective surgical precautions between pre-1982 and post-1982 graduates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Attitudes, knowledge, and practices of otolaryngologists treating patients infected with HIV. 750 85

The 24-amino-acid peptide RP135 (NNTRKSIRIQRGPGRAFVTIGKIG) corresponds in its amino acid sequence to the principal neutralizing determinant of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1, IIIB isolate (HIV-1IIIB, residues 308-331 of the envelope glycoprotein gp120). In order to map the antigenic determinant recognized by 0.5 beta, the complex of RP135 with an anti-gp120 HIV neutralizing antibody, 0.5 beta, which cross reacts with the peptide, was studied by using two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. A combination of homonuclear Hartmann Hahn two-dimensional experiment and roating-frame Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy of the Fab/peptide complex measured in H2O was used to eliminate the resonances of the Fab and the tightly bound peptide residues and to obtain sequential assignments for those parts of the peptide which retain considerable mobility upon binding. In this manner, a total of 14 residues (Ser6-Thr19) were shown to be part of the antigenic determinant recognized by the antibody 0.5 beta. Lys5 and Ile20 were found to retain considerable mobility in the bound peptide while their amide protons undergo significant change in chemical shift upon binding. This observation suggests that these two residues are at the boundaries of the determinant recognized by the antibody. Competitive binding experiments using truncated peptides strongly support the NMR observations.
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PMID:NMR mapping of the antigenic determinant recognized by an anti-gp120, human immunodeficiency virus neutralizing antibody. 753 73


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