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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Residual HIV-infected blood in needles and syringes is a source of HIV infection. Using radiolabelled blood we have stimulated needlestick injuries and sharing of syringes by intravenous drug users and quantified the volumes of blood which could be transferred to recipients in these situations. Up to 0.75 microliters of blood was transferred in needlestick simulations, but there was a large variation. In simulations of needlesharing, seven to ten times more blood was transferred from the index user to the first sharer when 2 ml syringes were used compared with 1 ml syringes. Washing with water was not effective in removing 'infected' blood from a syringe.
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PMID:Bloody needles: the volumes of blood transferred in simulations of needlestick injuries and shared use of syringes for injection of intravenous drugs. 177 62

Cholera asiatic is an acute infection of the intestinal tract through Vibrio cholerae bacteria causing diarrhea, dehydration, and kidney failure. It was discovered by Robert Koch in 1883 on his study trip in Egypt. Transmission is mostly through drinking of contaminated water and sometimes by consumption of infected food such as seafood. Cholera originates from southeast Asia, mainly India where it already appeared in ancient times. It spread from India in pandemic waves in the last few centuries throughout the world up to 1923 in Europe. Epidemics were nonetheless registered in India, China, Japan, Iran, and Egypt (1947). There was a pandemic in Peru in 1991 (caused by hyperinflation-induced malnutrition, contaminated water, and untreated sewage pouring into the sea) that also affected the neighboring countries, and small epidemics among Kurdish refugees and Bangladeshi catastrophe victims. On June 5, 1981 the deaths by atypical pneumonia of 5 homosexual men were reported to the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta, Georgia, which was the beginning of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic caused by HIV. WHO's latest figures indicated a total of 366,455 AIDS patients in 162 countries, but a higher estimate of 1.4 million was more likely. As of April 1991 and estimated 8-10 million adults were infected with HIV, 6 million of them in Africa, south of the Sahel. In the next century 15-20% of the working population will die of AIDS leaving behind 10 million orphans. Tuberculosis has also been activated as an opportunistic disease of HIV infection. Up to 55% of African TB patients were also infected with HIV. Some predict that the AIDS pandemic will equalize the population growth by an average of 300,000 deaths/year.
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PMID:[Epidemics return and new ones are added]. 178 18

Family planning (FP) services were integrated into 13 drug treatment programs in July 1989 in Philadelphia providing services to 1250 women a year on birth control methods, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), HIV risk assessment, and pregnancy testing. Among 599 female drug treatment clients aged 16-56 baseline interviews were conducted followed up by interviews 9 months and 15 months later. 58% were black, 37% white, and 5% Asian. 58% had a high school education. 14% were married, and 36% were divorced, separated, or widowed. 81% already had 1 child. 25% had injected heroin and 16% cocaine in the previous 4 weeks. 76% of sexually active women had not used condoms. FP clients made 3139 visits in the course of 24 months for counseling and medical purposes. 6 focus groups with 30 men and 35 women aged 16-60 were conducted 12 months after the integration of services. Most were aware about the availability of FP services: 61% of 958 women received STD advice, 67% of 258 women at 4 sites were screened for gonorrhea and 40% for syphilis. 76% of 599 women stated that their last pregnancy had been unintended. Most thought that contraceptives caused weight gain, headache, water retention, mood swings, blood clots, bleeding, or cancer. Among the sample of 599 women 15% had used the condom, 55 had used the pill, 7% had used the sponge, the IUD, or others, 38% had not used any method in the preceding 4 weeks. 42% of 873 of sexually active women receiving FP counseling planned to use the condom. 27% of drug treatment clients had been sterilized. Most women did not use the condom or other contraceptives in order to preserve their relationships. Many had experienced violence, incest, sexual abuse, and rape. In an all-male focus group all had been either victims or committed sexual violence. Both staff and clients liked the integration of drug treatment and FP.
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PMID:Barriers to family planning services among patients in drug treatment programs. 178 7

Considerable ultrastructural changes in the lymphoid cells of immunocompetent organs as well as in the epithelial and stromal cells of the rectum--the organ of the first contact with the virus in some cases--are found in HIV-infection. These alterations are of a quantitative nature and are the indications of important disturbances of the water-salt and protein metabolism. Changes in the lymphocytes and plasmacytes of the rectum lamina propria result in the damage to local immune defense. The presence of tubuloreticular and tubulo-annular structures in various cells of the rectum and lymphoid organs which are clearly seen in the biopsy material is most likely a characteristic sign of HIV-infection at its terminal stage.
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PMID:[HIV infections. Problems of morphologic diagnosis]. 179 20

A solid waste scavenger community at On-Nooch dump site in Bangkok was investigated. The purpose was to identify the dimensions of the public health risk to this group of people and their community due to exposure to hazardous conditions from waste materials. A cross-sectional descriptive study utilizing field surveys and measurements was performed. The demographic, socioeconomic, health related and environmental characteristics of this community were examined. Health complaints and injuries were inventoried among scavengers. Prevalence of childhood respiratory illness was high especially in those households where smoking was present. Intestinal helminthic and protozoan infection in children were detected. Six individuals with possible HIV infection and a number of Hepatitis B anti-genemia were found among male respondents. An appreciable proportion of respondents fell below normal when tested for lung function. Air pollution measurements showed acceptable ambient air levels except for particulate matters. Water quality was low for both potable and nonpotable water.
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PMID:Solid waste scavenger community: an investigation in Bangkok, Thailand. 179 34

Costa Rica is one of the world's success stories in primary health care. During the past 20 years the country has experienced a demographic and epidemiological transition. However, during the 80's the economic recession severely affected the country. The social, economic, political and geographic contexts are important for the assessment of health policy. The longstanding democracy, investments in public education and health all contribute to the peace and stability. Assessment of health policy needs both a quantitative and qualitative approach. The policy-making process--how policies are made, translated into action and evaluated--is a research challenge. The national health policy 1986-1990 includes commitment to Health for All strategy; development of the National Health Care System; strengthening of the health care infrastructure; consolidation of health achievements and undertaking of new problems and approaches on integral care for the population; community participation in all health care system activities; and health care priorities. Important research issues are the relationship between the needs of the population and health policy development and the impacts of health policy on the health of the population. A comprehensive study of policy-making includes studies of policy content, process, output and evaluation of impacts (including economy of health policy), and analysis for policy, i.e. information for policy making, process and policy advocacy. Recent successful health policy issues are child health and HIV/AIDS, while water pollution and traffic accidents have been more problematic policy issues.
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PMID:Assessment of health policy in Costa Rica--some preliminary remarks. 180 72

As of August 1991, 2167 people in India carried HIV. It is transmitted via sexual contact, the placenta, blood or blood product transfusions, sharing of needles, or any contact of raw tissues with infected blood or other body fluids. It is not transmitted by casual contact, breathing, or eating. Blood is the predominant infection source, yet HIV is also present in cerebrospinal fluid, pus, and other body fluids. 120 degrees Celsius and 2 atmospheric pressure in an autoclave or pressure cooker, dry heat of 170 degrees Celsius for 2 hours, or boiling in water for 20 minutes all destroy HIV. Chlorine can also destroy HIV and is relatively inexpensive and available. The Centre for AIDS Research and Control of the Indian Council of Medical Research advises health workers to quarantine AIDS patients or HIV positive patients in a separate ward identified by a sign (Biohazard--No Admission).. Health workers must wear protective aprons or gowns. When handling blood or other body fluids, they need to wear gloves and rinse them in chemical disinfectant before taking them off, and then once off, soaking them in the same disinfectant for 20 minutes. Health workers who have handled such body fluids must also thoroughly wash their hands with soap and water. Further they should not recap needles and burn the tip of disposable syringes to prevent their reuse. All needles and nondisposable syringes must either be soaked in a disinfectant for 20 minutes or destroyed in an incinerator. Physicians should always weigh the benefits and risks of performing invasive procedures. In the laboratory, technicians must wear full sleeved aprons, eye shields, masks, and gloves when collecting and testing samples. They should use a cotton plug in pipettes and disinfect the work area daily. The Centre also gives advice on special situations including blood spills, blood soiled linen and instruments, and autopsy.
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PMID:Prevention of HIV infection. 180 93

WHO estimates that the number of AIDS cases worldwide will grow from about 1.5 million to 12-18 million by 2000--a 10 fold increase. Further it expects the cumulative number of HIV infected individuals to increase from 9-11 million to 30-40 million by 2000--a 3-4 fold increase. Dr. Hiroshi Nakajima, the Director-General of WHO, points out that despite the rise in AIDS, there is something for which to be thankful--neither air, nor water, nor insects disseminate HIV and causal social contact does not transmit it. Further since AIDS is basically a sexually transmitted disease, health education can inform people of the need to make life style changes which in turn prevents its spread. In addition, Dr. Nakajima illustrates how frank health education and information campaigns in the homosexual community in developed countries have resulted in reduced infection rates. In fact, many of the people disseminating the safer sex message in the homosexual community were people living with HIV and AIDS. HIV has infected 7 million adults and children in Sub-Saharan Africa since the AIDS pandemic began. It is now spreading quickly in south and southeast Asia where at least 1 million people carry HIV. In fact, WHO believes that by the mid to late 1990s HIV will infect more Asians than Africans. Further Latin America is not HIV free and it can be easily spread there too. Heterosexual intercourse has replaced homosexual intercourse and needle sharing by intravenous drug users as the leading route of HIV transmission.
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PMID:News about AIDS. 182 Nov 27

Norepinephrine response to a cold pressor test was investigated in 95 homosexual men in a longitudinal study of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The baseline data obtained from 76 HIV+ and 19 HIV- subjects are included in this report. After the insertion of a venicatheter and following a 30 min rest, subjects immersed one of their hands in ice water for 2 min, and serial blood samples were obtained for the determination of catecholamine levels. The results show that the norepinephrine response in HIV+ subjects compared to that of HIV- subjects was blunted. Examination of the responses using linear and quadratic orthogonal polynomials suggested that these differences between the two groups were primarily a function of their rate of increase in norepinephrine levels. It was observed also that in HIV+ subjects, norepinephrine level peaked earlier than that in HIV- subjects. The data suggest that autonomic dysfunction is present in the early stages of HIV infection.
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PMID:Norepinephrine response in early HIV infection. 185 90

The discovery of a 44% (44 out of 100) prevalence rate of HIV infection among female prostitutes working in brothels in Chiangmai in Thailand in June 1989, prompted this follow-up study in August to confirm the high prevalence rate and to look for risk factors for infection. We studied 238 female prostitutes working in 14 brothels and confirmed this high prevalence rate. Eighty-seven (36.5%) out of 238 prostitutes were found to be HIV-positive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with IFA or Western blot confirmation. Logistic regressions found a significant association between HIV infection and frequency of sexual intercourse greater than 3 times per day [odds ratio (OR) = 2.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.47-5.41], sexual service charge less than 150 Baht (OR = 9.1, 95% CI = 2.9-33.3), and post sexual cleansing with water alone (OR = 3.85, 95% CI = 1.90-7.80). Of 56 women found seronegative in the June survey, 35 were re-tested in the August study. Seven (20%) of them were seropositive, giving an HIV seroconversion incidence rate of 10% per month. The findings of this study prompted intensive health education programmes among prostitutes, their customers, and owners of brothels.
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PMID:Risk factors for HIV among prostitutes in Chiangmai, Thailand. 186 11


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