Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Treated HIV infection and HIV-lipoatrophy increases risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Circulating inflammatory molecules may, in part, explain this increased risk. This study examined circulating inflammatory molecules in treated HIV infection in relation to insulin sensitivity, lipids total body, and intramyocellular fat, compared to insulin-resistant obesity (an index group at high risk of diabetes). Detailed metabolic phenotypes were measured in 20 treated HIV-infected men (with and without subcutaneous lipoatrophy) vs. 26 insulin-resistant obese men (IR-O, n = 26), including inflammatory molecules, insulin sensitivity, total body fat (TBF), visceral fat (visceral adipose tissue (VAT)), and intramyocellular lipid (IMCL). C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in treated HIV were similar to those in IR-O, despite lower TBF and greater insulin sensitivity in treated HIV. In HIV-lipoatrophy, CRP was higher than that found in IR-O. Adiponectin was similar between treated HIV and IR-O, but significantly lower in those with HIV-lipoatrophy. In treated HIV, subjects with higher CRP had significantly higher total cholesterol, VAT, and IMCL. In treated HIV, subjects with lower adiponectin had significantly lower HDL and higher triglycerides, glucose, VAT, and IMCL. In conclusion, a proinflammatory milieu equivalent to that of insulin-resistant obesity characterizes lean men with treated HIV infection, worse in those with subcutaneous lipoatrophy. These factors may contribute to the accelerated diabetogenesis and cardiac risk observed in treated HIV infection.
Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009 Jan
PMID:Proinflammatory markers, insulin sensitivity, and cardiometabolic risk factors in treated HIV infection. 1900 69

This article provides an overview of the development and application of plasmonic nanoprobes developed in our laboratory for biosensing and bioimaging. We describe the use of plasmonics surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) gene probes for the detection of diseases using DNA hybridization to target biospecies (HIV gene, breast cancer genes etc.). For molecular imaging, we describe a hyperspectral surface-enhanced Raman imaging (HSERI) system that combines imaging capabilities with SERS detection to identify cellular components using Raman dye-labeled silver nanoparticles in cellular systems The detection of specific target DNA sequences associated with breast cancer using "molecular sentinel" nanoprobes and the use of a plasmonic nanosensor to monitor pH in single cells are presented and discussed.
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PMID:Plasmonic nanoprobes for SERS biosensing and bioimaging. 1951 22

We evaluated the clinical value of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for screening Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in non-HIV-infected immunocompromised patients. We retrospectively analyzed PCR and Grocott's methenamine silver (GMS) staining on 1044 clinical specimens obtained from 756 patients. Positive rates of PCR and GMS staining in sputum specimens were 21.1% and 9.5%, respectively (P < 0.01), and in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), specimens were 31.9% and 25.5%, respectively. Among 5 patient groups, the highest GMS staining and PCR positive rates were observed in immunosuppressed patients. In 28 GMS staining-positive patients, positive rates of PCR and GMS staining after a short anti-PCP treatment were 39.3% and 17.9%, respectively. In 5 patients with positive PCR but negative GMS staining results in initial sputum examination, GMS staining result turned positive in subsequent BAL specimens. In conclusion, PCR is sensitive for detection of Pneumocystis in sputum specimens and is useful for screening PCP in non-HIV-infected high-risk patients.
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PMID:Screening Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in non-HIV-infected immunocompromised patients using polymerase chain reaction. 1963 Oct 93

Based on gold label silver stain and coupled with multiplex asymmetric polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, we developed the visual DNA microarray for simultaneous, sensitive, and specific detection of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) and Treponema pallidum. The 5'-end amino-modified oligonucleotides were immobilized on glass surface, which were used as the capturing probes to bind the complement biotinylated target DNA. The gold-conjugated streptavidins were introduced to the microarray for specific binding to biotin. The black image of microarray spots, which were the result from the precipitation of silver onto nanogold particles and bound to streptavidins, was visualized and accounted as the detection of biotinylated target DNA. Multiplex asymmetric PCR products of HIV-1 and T. pallidum and Bacillus subtilis (used as positive control) were performed for preparing the abundant biotinylated single-stranded target DNA of which could affect detection efficiency and sensitivity of hybridization on microarray. One hundred sixty-nine clinical samples of HIV-1 and T. pallidum from infected patients were tested using the homemade DNA microarrays. The results were identical to those shown in the assays of ELISA and fluorescence quantitative real-time PCR. Our results demonstrate that we have developed the visual gene detection technique, which is of high sensitivity and specificity; it may have potential in clinical applications.
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PMID:Visual DNA microarrays for simultaneous detection of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 and Treponema pallidum coupled with multiplex asymmetric polymerase chain reaction. 1976 35

To research piezoelectric immunosensor array for rapid detecting HIV(1+2), piezoelectric immunosensor array matrix was designed. HIV(1+2)C1 antigen was immobilized onto the silver electrodes of quartz-crystal microbalance, which was modified with adsorption and cross-linked method. In the clean air flow and monitoring environment, standard quality control and clinical serum sample were detected. The linear range for the measurement of HIV(1+2) was 0.01-0.2 NCU/ml. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of HIV(1+2) piezoelectric protein sensor array were 91.7%, 93.3% and 92.7% respectively.
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PMID:[Research on piezoelectric protein sensor array for rapid detecting HIV(1+2) antibody]. 1981 32

We describe a 77-year-old patient with HIV infection suffering from chronic diarrhoea whose colonoscopy findings showed normal appearance mucosa and tissue samples revealed the presence of a dense layer of spirochetes attached to the apical cell membrane. A literature search from 1996 to April 2009 identified 19 additional cases of intestinal spirochetosis in patients with HIV infection. Analysis of cases showed that intestinal spirochetosis causes chronic diarrhoea in men who have sex with men (92% of patients with reported HIV infection risk factors) who are not severely immunosuppressed (70% with CD4 lymphocyte cells >200/microL). Colonoscopy examination often revealed normal appearance mucosa. Haematoxylin and eosin stain of biopsy samples showed the presence of spirochetes, but Warthin-Starry silver staining makes organisms easier to detect. Patients promptly responded to metronidazole or penicillin therapy. In summary, invasive intestinal spirochetosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with HIV infection and chronic diarrhoea.
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PMID:Intestinal spirochetosis as a cause of chronic diarrhoea in patients with HIV infection: case report and review of the literature. 1984 15

Intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) is associated with metabolic abnormalities similar to those associated with visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Increased IMAT has been found in obese human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women. We hypothesized that IMAT, like VAT, would be similar or increased in HIV-infected persons compared with healthy controls, despite decreases in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) found in HIV infection. In the second FRAM (Study of Fat Redistribution and Metabolic Change in HIV infection) exam, we studied 425 HIV-infected subjects and 211 controls (from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study) who had regional AT and skeletal muscle (SM) measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Multivariable linear regression identified factors associated with IMAT and its association with metabolites. Total IMAT was 51% lower in HIV-infected participants compared with controls (P = 0.003). The HIV effect was attenuated after multivariable adjustment (to -28%, P < 0.0001 in men and -3.6%, P = 0.70 in women). Higher quantities of leg SAT, upper-trunk SAT, and VAT were associated with higher IMAT in HIV-infected participants, with weaker associations in controls. Stavudine use was associated with lower IMAT and SAT, but showed little relationship with VAT. In multivariable analyses, regional IMAT was associated with insulin resistance and triglycerides (TGs). Contrary to expectation, IMAT is not increased in HIV infection; after controlling for demographics, lifestyle, VAT, SAT, and SM, HIV(+) men have lower IMAT compared with controls, whereas values for women are similar. Stavudine exposure is associated with both decreased IMAT and SAT, suggesting that IMAT shares cellular origins with SAT.
Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011 Feb
PMID:Intermuscular adipose tissue and metabolic associations in HIV infection. 2053 5

Chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) is a cell surface protein required for HIV-1 infection. It is important to detect the amount and observe the spatial distribution of the CCR5 receptors on the cell surfaces. In this report, we describes the metal nanoparticles which were specially designed as molecular fluorescent probes for imaging of CCR5 receptors on the T-lymphocytic PM1 cell surfaces. These CCR5 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) metal complexes were prepared by labeling mAbs with Alexa Fluor 680 followed by covalent binding the labeled mAbs on the 20 nm silver nanoparticles. Compared with the labeled mAbs without metal, the mAb-metal complexes were found to display enhanced emission intensity and shortened lifetime due to interactions between fluorophores and metal. The mAb-metal complexes were incubated with the PM1 cell lines. The confocal fluorescent intensity and lifetime cell images were recorded on single cells. It was observed that the mAb-metal complexes could be clearly distinguished from the cellular autofluorescence. By analyzing a pool of cell images, we observed that most CCR5 receptors appeared as clusters on the cell surfaces. The fluorophore-metal complexes developed in this report are generally useful for detection of cell surface receptors and provide a new class of probe to study the interaction between the CCR5 receptors with viral gp120 during HIV infections.
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PMID:Direct observation to chemokine receptor 5 on T-lymphocyte cell surface using fluorescent metal nanoprobes. 2070 55

We describe the development and application of a co-functionalized nanoprobe and biodelivery platform combining a nuclear targeting peptide (NTP) for improved cellular uptake and intracellular targeting with p-mercaptobenzoic acid (pMBA) as a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) reporter for tracking and imaging. The nuclear targeting peptide, an HIV-1 protein-derived TAT sequence, has been previously shown to aid entry of cargo through the cell membrane via normal cellular processes, and furthermore, to localize small cargo to the nucleus of the cell. Previous work in our lab has verified cell uptake and distribution of the nanoprobes in clinically relevant mouse and human cell lines. In this work, two-dimensional SERS mapping was used to track the spatial and temporal progress of nanoparticle uptake in PC-3 human prostate cells and to characterize localization at various time points, demonstrating the potential for an intracellularly targeted multiplexed nanobiosensing system with excellent sensitivity and specificity. Silver nanoparticles co-functionalized with the TAT peptide showed greatly enhanced cellular uptake over the control nanoparticles lacking the targeting moiety. The ability to detect and monitor nanoprobe trafficking using SERS spectroscopy offers an improved alternative over previous tracking and detection methods such as light microscopy and fluorescence methods. The development of multifunctional nanoconstructs for intracellular delivery has potential clinical applications in early detection and selective treatment of disease in affected cells. Other applications include use in basic research aimed at understanding the inner workings of living cells and how they respond to chemical and biological stimuli.
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PMID:Surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection and tracking of nanoprobes: enhanced uptake and nuclear targeting in single cells. 2071 48

Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are transfusion-transmitted human pathogens that have a major impact on blood safety and public health. Based on multiplex asymmetrical PCR and coupled with gold labelled silver stain (GLSS), we developed the visual DNA microarray for sensitive and specific detection of these two viruses. Capturing probes of 5'-end-amino-modified oligonucleotides were immobilized on glass surface to bind the complement biotinylated target DNA. The Au-streptavidin probe was introduced to the microarray for specific binding to biotin. Black images of microarray spots which result from the precipitation of silver onto Au-streptavidin probes, were visualized by naked eyes. In order to improve the efficiency of microarray hybridization, triplex asymmetrical PCR of HIV-1, HCV and Human enterovirus 71 (EV-71, used as positive control) were performed to prepare abundant biotinylated single-stranded target DNA. The sensitivity of visual DNA microarray (10(3) copies/ml) was higher than conventional PCR (10(4) copies/ml) and was identical to FQ-PCR (10(3) copies/ml). Total 152 blood samples containing the two viruses were tested using the DNA microarray and fluorescence quantitative real-time PCR (FQ-PCR). The results were identical (P > 0.05). So this system has high sensitivity and may have potential in clinical applications.
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PMID:Development and evaluation of a new detection tool-visual DNA microarray for simultaneous and specific detection of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 and hepatitis C virus. 2135 43


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