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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Metal-binding proteins are important components of retroviruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Therefore, metals could be used as antiviral agents. However, most metals are toxic for humans with the exception of silver which is toxic only to prokaryotic cells and viruses. In addition, HIV infection causes a decrease in body cysteine. We formed a complex of silver and cysteine, named silver-cysteine. Healthy human lymphocytes were incubated with silver-nitrate or silver-cysteine. Negligible cell survival was seen at 50 microM silver-nitrate. However, in presence of 1 mM cysteine, the viability remained unaffected up to 1 mM of silver. Further, silver inhibition of isolated Na,K-ATPase was easily reversed by cysteine. Thus, non-toxic silver-cysteine could be used as an anti-viral and cysteine-replenishing agent.
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PMID:Cysteine protects Na,K-ATPase and isolated human lymphocytes from silver toxicity. 133 67

Human endothelial cells isolated from hepatic sinusoids were infected in vitro with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). An early sign of infection occurring in the culture was the formation of multinucleated cells. By double-labeling immunofluorescence, 5-15% of the cells recognized as endothelial cells owing to the presence of von Willebrand factor were found to contain HIV p24 and gp120 antigens after 2 weeks. Reverse transcriptase activity was released into the medium, and different steps in the process of viral budding were observed by electron microscopy. The virus produced by the endothelial cells was found to be infectious for CEM cells, a human T-cell line. CD4 molecules are present at the surface of the endothelial cells, as demonstrated by immunogold-silver staining and backscattered electron imaging. Treatment with an anti-CD4 antibody abolished productive infection of the sinusoidal endothelial cells. The possibility that endothelial cells of the liver sinusoid are infected in vivo with HIV remains to be clearly shown.
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PMID:Primary cultures of endothelial cells from the human liver sinusoid are permissive for human immunodeficiency virus type 1. 137 78

We report the first known case of syphilitic gastritis in an HIV-infected person. The presentation of nonspecific abdominal pain and weight loss in a 48-yr-old former intravenous drug user previously treated for asymptomatic syphilis led to a barium swallow which demonstrated linitis plastica. Upper endoscopy reinforced a suspicion of carcinoma, but biopsy made the diagnosis of syphilis by silver staining. Further testing revealed a positive serology for syphilis as well as HIV infection with a depressed CD-4 lymphocyte count. Treatment with parenteral penicillin led to a rapid resolution of symptoms. This case represents a rare complication of late syphilis, and is another example of the unusual manifestations of syphilis seen in the HIV-infected population.
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PMID:Syphilitic gastritis in an HIV-infected individual. 144 50

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the amount of Pneumocystis carinii organisms found at fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FB) performed on HIV-positive patients correlated to the character of the P. carinii pneumonia (PCP). A consecutive series of 105 patients presented with 131 episodes of pulmonary symptoms requiring FB, and in 75 of these episodes a diagnosis of PCP was made. Specimens were stained with Giemsa and methenamine silver nitrate and the number of parasites found was given as: numerous, many, few or none. The following signs and symptoms were registered: cough, dyspnoea, fever, loss of weight, chest radiograph, haemoglobin, WBC, CD4 cell count, PO2 and HIV p24 antigen. The PCP was characterized by the clinical course: mild, moderate, severe, and by the outcome: pulmonary healthy, pulmonary insufficiency and death. No correlations between the number of P. carinii organisms and the clinical course or outcome of the PCP, the symptoms before the FB or the paraclinical examinations were found. In conclusion, the routinely obtained quantitative results of the microbiological examinations of material from the lungs were not correlated to the severity of the PCP.
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PMID:Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients: clinical course in relation to the parasite number found in routine specimens obtained by fiberoptic bronchoscopy. 150 34

DNA amplification and silver staining were used to identify Pneumocystis carinii in bronchoscopic lavage and induced sputum samples during 51 episodes of respiratory illness in 47 subjects with HIV infection. In 20 episodes, in which the clinical diagnosis was pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), silver stain was positive in 14 lavage samples (70%) and 7 sputum samples (35%), whereas DNA amplification was positive in 19 lavage samples (95%) and 18 sputum samples (90%). DNA amplification was positive in only 1 of 31 patients without PCP (PCP developed in this patient within 10 weeks). DNA amplification on induced sputum offers a powerful technique for diagnosis of PCP.
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PMID:DNA amplification on induced sputum samples for diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. 167 65

Nineteen colorectal biopsy specimens, stained by Hematein-Eosin-Safran (HES), were examined by light microscopy and showed a thick, blue and fuzzy brush border. Without any further microbiologic investigation, this histologic feature is considered strongly suggestive of colorectal spirochetosis. Our study concerned 19 male patients aged between 35 and 68 years, who had no risk factor for HIV infection, but who belonged to these three groups: (a) those suffering from chronic diarrhea; (b) those without intestinal symptoms; (c) those who had a colonic tumor removed. Rectal biopsy specimens were also taken from a control group of 35 patients seropositive for HIV-1. This thickening, which measured 3-7 microns, showed some variation within the same patient but did not depend on the site of the biopsy. It appeared as a blue fuzzy band on HES stain, was purple on Periodic-Acid-Schiff stain and basophilic after Giemsa stain. Silver stain by Warthin-Starry method confirmed the presence in three cases of numerous spirochetes attached to the epithelial surface. Two of the three patients had no symptom. In the control group, a thickening of the brush border, was observed in only one case, but no spirochete by silver stain was seen. The thickened blue, fuzzy brush border of the colonic mucosa is not a specific criterion. The pathologist must be aware of the possible presence of spirochetes that can only be confirmed by a silver stain. The pathogenicity of spirochetosis remains to be defined.
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PMID:[Colo-rectal spirochetosis: is it an anatomo-pathologic entity?]. 170 40

Two hundred and eighty two specimens from 220 patients positive for HIV with respiratory tract symptoms, or febrile illness, or both, were examined for the presence of Pneumocystis carinii. Specimens were either induced sputum samples or bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. To establish the optimal method for laboratory diagnosis a comparison was made of detection of the organism by use of monoclonal antibody and immunofluorescence with conventional silver staining methods. Three commercially available reagents for immunofluorescence were also compared. Immunofluorescence was significantly more sensitive than the silver stain and the best results for immunofluorescence were obtained using. Northumbria Biologicals Ltd reagents.
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PMID:Monoclonal immunofluorescence compared with silver stain for investigating Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. 170 63

The results of the examination of sputum induced by the inhalation of nebulized hypertonic saline in the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) are presented. In suspected cases of PCP in patients who were either HIV antibody positive or were receiving immunosuppressive therapy, 46 induced sputum specimens were stained using both Grocott's modified Gomori methenamine silver nitrate (GMS) and immunofluorescence staining. In 12 specimens P. carinii cysts were detected by both methods, in four specimens by GMS staining only and in five specimens by immunofluorescence only. The sensitivity of induced sputum examination in the detection of P. carinii cysts was increased by using both of these staining methods on each sputum specimen and the need for more invasive methods of diagnosis was reduced.
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PMID:Examination of induced sputum in the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. 171 23

Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) offers a significant improvement over conventional bright-field and dark-field light microscopy for producing images of silver grains in autoradiograms of specimens prepared by in situ hybridization. The out-of-focus image of the background silver grains present in the emulsion is eliminated from the in-focus image of the radioactive probe associated with the cells by optical sectioning with the LSCM operated in a reflected light mode. The improved images produced by the LSCM provide a significant increase in the sensitivity of detecting positively labeled cells and tissues prepared by in situ hybridization. The power of this detection method is demonstrated using samples of HIV-infected human peripheral blood cells, tissue sections of human placenta and human skin. It is anticipated that the method can be universally applied to samples prepared by in situ hybridization techniques.
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PMID:Improved detection of in situ hybridization by laser scanning confocal microscopy. 172 78

Several inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic conditions in HIV-infected patients are distinctive or require a biopsy for diagnosis. Some differ subtly from similar conditions seen in noninfected patients. The exanthem of acute HIV infection cannot be diagnosed specifically on biopsy as its histologic appearance is similar to that of other viral exanthemata. A condition that closely resembles seborrheic dermatitis occurs in HIV-infected patients. Plasma cells, necrotic keratinocytes, and leukocytoclasis may be present, in contrast to findings in sporadic seborrheic dermatitis. Psoriasis and Reiter's disease also occur in HIV-infected patients and can be specifically diagnosed as such. The category "psoriasiform dermatitis of AIDS" thus seems to include several distinct entities and not to be a single disease. Bacillary angiomatosis is a treatable infection caused by a rickettsialike organism similar to Rochalimaea quintana, the agent of trench fever. Cutaneous lesions are characterized by lobules of capillaries with protuberant endothelial cells, neutrophils and their debris, and purplish-staining clumps of organisms, which can be demonstrated with silver stains or electron microscopy. An unusual reaction to atypical mycobacterial infection, in which spindle-shaped macrophages are seen, resembles histoid leprosy. Viral skin diseases that may challenge the dermatopathologist include unusual verrucous reactions to chronic varicella-zoster infection and flat warts caused by the human papillomavirus associated with epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Keratinocytes with foamy basophilic cytoplasm may be a marker for one of these viruses, human papillomavirus type 5. Neoplastic complications of HIV disease include Kaposi's sarcoma and mycosis fungoides. The earliest lesions of the patch stage of Kaposi's sarcoma show a slightly increased number of cells with small ovoid nuclei around preexistent structures, accompanied, in some cases, by sparse infiltrates of lymphocytes and plasma cells. Staining with antisera to type IV collagen may highlight the vascular spaces in these early lesions. Later lesions that resemble hemangiomas may also prove challenging and require level sections to demonstrate the presence of spindle cells and eosinophilic globules. Although HIV is cytotoxic to helper T cells, neoplastic proliferations of them may be seen in HIV-infected patients. These cases of mycosis fungoides do not seem to differ from sporadically occurring ones and occur in patients who seem not to be infected by HTLV-I.
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PMID:Dermatopathologic findings in patients infected with HIV. 173 Jan 73


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