Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In October 1992, [name removed], an aluminum siding installer, applied for Supplemental Security Income Insurance Benefits and Disability Insurance Benefits because he was no longer able to perform construction jobs. His claims were denied. [Name removed] is a former alcohol, tobacco, and drug abuser who also contracted HIV and hepatitis C. [Name removed]'s physician diagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, AIDS wasting syndrome, and alcoholism-induced peripheral neuropathy. U.S. District Judge Robert P. Patterson Jr. ruled that [name removed] was not incapacitated and should find a sedentary job. The judge did not take into account the wasting syndrome or the peripheral neuropathy. Rather than appealing the decision, Mr. [Name removed] will reapply based on new medical information that shows his condition has worsened since the original application.
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PMID:Disability claim rejected despite AIDS condition. 1136 70

Data from a prospective longitudinal study were used to investigate whether hopelessness mediates the association between social support and depression, as hypothesized by L. Y. Abramson, G. I. Metalsky, and L. B. Alloy (1989). Measures of hopelessness, social support, and depression were administered to 103 HIV-infected men and readministered 6 months later. Findings indicated that low baseline social support predicted increases in hopelessness and depression. Increases in hopelessness predicted increases in depression after controlling for baseline social support. Low baseline social support did not predict increased depression when hopelessness was controlled statistically.
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PMID:Hopelessness as a mediator of the association between social support and depressive symptoms: findings of a study of men with HIV. 1177 9

Anti-idiotypic antibodies (Ab2) mimicking antigens (Ags)-defined by antibodies (Ab1) directed to tumors or pathogens have elicited Ag-specific humoral, cellular and/or protective immunity in experimental animals and in humans. In immunizations of rodents with Ab1, factors such as animal species, form of Ab1 and choice of adjuvant are crucial for the successful induction of Ab2 as candidate vaccines against tumors and pathogens. Here we survey the outcome of 362 fusion events (each event representing one animal), using nine immunization schedules in mice and seven schedules in rats and including 10 different Ab1 directed against human tumor- and immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)-associated Ags. Ab1 IgG or F(ab')2 were administered uncoupled or coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). As adjuvants, complete and incomplete Freund's adjuvant (CFA/IFA), lipid A, aluminum hydroxide, TiterMax or vaccinia virus were used. In syngeneic immunizations with murine Ab1 in mice, F(ab')2 coupled to KLH and emulsified in CFA/IFA preferentially induced Ab2 mimicking tumor or HIV-1 associated epitopes. In xenogeneic immunizations with mouse Ab1 in rats, various forms of Ab1 and adjuvants successfully induced Ab2 mimicking tumor Ags.
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PMID:Immunization procedures for anti-idiotypic antibody induction in mice and rats. 1219 16

A preformulation study was performed for the evaluation of a vaccine candidate against HIV-1. Aluminium hydroxide was used in the preformulation. However, this adjuvant is not a good adsorbent for basic proteins since it is positively charged at a physiological pH. In the present study, we determined the adsorption of TAB9 (basic protein, pI: 11.3) by treating Alhydrogel with different ions. The immunogenicity of the vaccine candidate against HIV was also evaluated using three batches, 9801-A, 9802-A and 9803-A, and a placebo P-001. The evaluation was performed twice (0 and 9 months). Each batch was tested using groups of 10 mice that had a single inoculation. The results showed that the protein was totally adsorbed to the aluminium gel. Seroconvertion was attained in all analysed batches, indicating the potentiality of TAB9 as a vaccine candidate.
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PMID:Preformulation study of the vaccine candidate TAB9 against HIV-1. 1224 57

Cellular immune responses, particularly those associated with CD3(+) CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), play a primary role in controlling viral infection, including persistent infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Accordingly, recent HIV-1 vaccine research efforts have focused on establishing the optimal means of eliciting such antiviral CTL immune responses. We evaluated several DNA vaccine formulations, a modified vaccinia virus Ankara vector, and a replication-defective adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vector, each expressing the same codon-optimized HIV-1 gag gene for immunogenicity in rhesus monkeys. The DNA vaccines were formulated with and without one of two chemical adjuvants (aluminum phosphate and CRL1005). The Ad5-gag vector was the most effective in eliciting anti-Gag CTL. The vaccine produced both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses, with the latter consistently being the dominant component. To determine the effect of existing antiadenovirus immunity on Ad5-gag-induced immune responses, monkeys were exposed to adenovirus subtype 5 that did not encode antigen prior to immunization with Ad5-gag. The resulting anti-Gag T-cell responses were attenuated but not abolished. Regimens that involved priming with different DNA vaccine formulations followed by boosting with the adenovirus vector were also compared. Of the formulations tested, the DNA-CRL1005 vaccine primed T-cell responses most effectively and provided the best overall immune responses after boosting with Ad5-gag. These results are suggestive of an immunization strategy for humans that are centered on use of the adenovirus vector and in which existing adenovirus immunity may be overcome by combined immunization with adjuvanted DNA and adenovirus vector boosting.
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PMID:Comparative immunogenicity in rhesus monkeys of DNA plasmid, recombinant vaccinia virus, and replication-defective adenovirus vectors expressing a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gag gene. 1274 87

The ability of selected phthalocyanines and metallophthalocyanines to block HIV infection has been evaluated in an epithelial HeLa-CD4 cell line with an integrated LTR-beta-galactosidase gene. Sulfonated phthalocyanine itself (PcS), as well as its copper, nickel, and vanadyl chelates, were the most effective in blocking viral infection. These compounds were also very effective in blocking the fusion activity of the viral Env proteins. All of these compounds are expected to bind axial ligands weakly or not at all. In contrast, sulfonated phthalocyanines bearing metals expected to bind axial ligands more tightly (aluminum, cobalt, chromium, iron, silicon, and zinc) were less effective in blocking HIV infection and also less effective at inhibiting fusion. A number of active compounds were found to block binding of gp120 to CD4. Selected cationic and carboxy phthalocyanines, as well as porphyrazines, were also evaluated. Our results indicate that at least some of the compounds render the virus noninfectious, i.e. that they are virucidal. These compounds have potential as microbicides that might be used to provide protection against sexually transmitted HIV.
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PMID:Prevention of HIV-1 infection by phthalocyanines. 1289 93

A significant emphasis has been placed on the development of adjuvants and/or delivery systems to improve both antibody production and cell-mediated immune responses. We previously reported on a novel anionic nanoparticle, which led to enhanced humoral and T helper type-1 (Th1) biased immune responses in mice when coated with cationized model antigen. Tat (1-72) is a conserved regulatory HIV-1 protein. It was hypothesized that HIV vaccine strategies employing Tat (1-72) may be a promising approach. Although previous reports have suggested that Tat (1-86) may be immunosuppressive, it was demonstrated in this present study that Tat (1-72) was not immunosuppressive when co-administered to mice with ovalbumin (OVA). Tat (1-72) was coated on novel anionic nanoparticles. BALB/c mice were immunized with Tat (5 microg)-coated nanoparticles (15 microg) by subcutaneous injection on days 0 and 14. Antibody and cytokine release were determined on day 28 and compared to Tat (5 microg) adjuvanted with Alum (15 microg) as a Th2 control, Tat (5 microg) adjuvanted with Lipid A (50 microg) as a Th1 control. Immunization of BALB/c mice with Tat-coated nanoparticles resulted in antibody levels (IgG and IgM) comparable to those elicited from Tat and Alum. However, Tat-coated nanoparticles led to a Th1 biased immune response. The IFN-gamma release from splenocytes with Tat-coated nanoparticles was comparable to that from mice immunized with Tat and Lipid A, and 3.3-fold greater than that from mice immunized with Tat and Alum. These studies warrant further investigation of these nanoparticles to enhance both antibody and cellular-based immune responses.
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PMID:Strong T cell type-1 immune responses to HIV-1 Tat (1-72) protein-coated nanoparticles. 1519 89

Injectable biodegradable polymeric particles (usually microspheres) represent an exciting approach to control the release of vaccine antigens to reduce the number of doses in the immunization schedule and optimize the desired immune response via selective targeting of antigen to antigen presenting cells. After the first couple of decades of their study, much progress has been made towards the clinical use of antigen-loaded microspheres. Poly(lactide-co-glycolic acids) (PLGAs) have been studied most commonly for this purpose because of their proven safety record and established use in marketed products for controlled delivery of several peptide drugs. PLGA microspheres have many desirable features relative to standard aluminum-based adjuvants, including the microspheres' ability to induce cell-mediated immunity, a necessary requirement for emergent vaccines against HIV and cancer. This review examines several impediments to PLGA microparticle development, such as PLGA-encapsulated antigen instability and deficiency of animal models in predicting human response, and describes new trends in overcoming these important issues. PLGA microparticles have displayed unprecedented versatility and safety to accomplish release of one or multiple antigens of varying physical-chemical characteristics and immunologic requirements, and have now met numerous critical benchmarks in development of long-lasting immunity after a single injected dose.
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PMID:Biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microparticles for injectable delivery of vaccine antigens. 1556 Sep 48

DNA vaccines have considerable potential for the prophylaxis and therapy of a range of diseases, but their potential has not been realised largely due to poor immunogenicity. Fas ligand is a pro-apoptotic molecule, able to induce death of Fas expressing cells. We describe the construction of a DNA vaccine encoding a chimeric fusion between Fas ligand and a truncated version of HIV gp120 as a model antigen. The fusion DNA was used as a priming vaccine, along with boosting with recombinant gp120 protein. Priming with fusion protein DNA resulted in a powerful enhancement of immune responses to the protein boost, and, in the presence of aluminum phosphate, to a strong enhancement in T helper 2 type responses. Fas ligand delivered in a separate plasmid also had an adjuvant effect, although it was weaker than that delivered by the fusion protein.
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PMID:Fusion of antigen to Fas-ligand in a DNA vaccine enhances immunogenicity. 1723

The formulation of human vaccines often includes adjuvants such as aluminum hydroxide that are added to enhance the immune responses to vaccine antigens. However, these adjuvants may also affect the conformation of antigenic proteins. Such structural modifications could lead to changes in antigenicity such that suboptimal protective immune responses could be generated relative to those induced by the vaccine antigens alone. Here, we used attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) to compare the secondary structures of recombinant HIV-1-gp41 (gp41) in solution or adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide. The gp41 secondary structure content was 72% alpha-helices and 28% beta-sheets in 5 mM formate buffer p(2)H 2.5, while it was 66% beta-sheets and 34% random coil in acetonitril/(2)H(2)O (95/5:v/v). A fully reversible conformational change of gp41 in acetonitril/(2)H(2)O (95/5:v/v) was observed upon addition of either 35 mM formate p(2)H 2.5 or 0.1% (w/v) detergent (Tween 20, Hecameg, Brij 35 or beta-d-octyl-glucopyranoside). When gp41 was adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide in the presence of 0.1% (w/v) detergent, in either formate or in acetonitril/(2)H(2)O (95/5:v/v) its secondary structure remained stable and was identical to that of gp41 in 5 mM formate buffer p(2)H 2.5. The method described here could be applied for the characterization of gp41 conformers for use in immunological screening of antigens, and more generally to all antigenic proteins adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide.
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PMID:Secondary structure analysis of HIV-1-gp41 in solution and adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 1731 42


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