Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A concern currently exists regarding the potential for exposure of health care workers to pentamidine isethionate, a drug used for prevention and treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in immunocompromised patients, including those with human immunodeficiency virus infection. In order to evaluate worker exposures, a sampling and analytical method for pentamidine isethionate in air has been developed. This method involves sampling with a 37-mm PVC membrane filter at 1 to 2 L/min, recovery with 3 mL of 50:50 ethanol:water with 0.085% phosphoric acid and 0.04% tetramethylammonium chloride in an ultrasonic bath for 10 min, and analysis by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The limit of detection is about 18 ng per sample, and the lower limit of quantitation is 50 ng per sample. Recoveries of pentamidine isethionate from PVC filters were 0.76 to 0.91 at 50 to 8820-ng levels of fortification. Samples were stable on PVC filters during 27 days of storage at room temperature. Because patients who are treated with pentamidine isethionate are at increased risk of contracting tuberculosis (TB), safety precautions for handling samples contaminated with TB were included in the sampling and analytical method.
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PMID:Determination of pentamidine isethionate in air. 823 95

This paper reports on the incidence of risk taking behaviours, and the relationship between risk perception and risk behaviours in a sample of 1245 Sydney injecting drug users (IDUs). Almost all respondents reported engaging in behaviours that placed them at risk of HIV infection: 32.9% through unsafe injecting, 84.4% because of unsafe sexual behaviour and 89.2% because of either injecting or sexual behaviour. Injecting and sexual behaviour were poorly correlated. This study also found that risk perception is unrelated to injecting or sexual behaviours, previous history of sexually transmitted diseases, a range of demographic characteristics including age and gender, and the number of times tested for HIV. Social policy and prevention programs should aim to change unsafe injecting and sexual behaviours directly, rather than attempting to achieve change indirectly by changing risk perception.
Drug Alcohol Depend 1993 Jun
PMID:Injecting drug users and HIV/AIDS: risk behaviours and risk perception. 805 38

This study examined the degree that the distribution of coupons brought drug users at risk of HIV infection into outpatient detoxification treatment. Demographic characteristics and outcome indicators were compared for patients recruited through coupon redemption (n = 238) versus other referral channels (n = 1129). Significantly more coupon subjects had no previous drug treatment, compared with non-coupon subjects (28% vs. 13%), had shared needles in the previous 30 days (39% vs. 31%) and more were ethnic minorities and men. Length of treatment stay and program completion rates did not differ between the groups. Within a year of the coupon project's end 43% of coupon subjects returned to the treatment program. Results suggest untreated heroin users will utilize drug treatment if more is available.
Drug Alcohol Depend 1993 Feb
PMID:Coupons attract high-risk untreated heroin users into detoxification. 838 85

Atypical antineutrophil cytoplasm antibodies (A-ANCA) are defined here as ANCA detected by IIF and not directed against the predominant ANCA antigens, proteinase 3 (PR3) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). A-ANCA are found in a variety of clinical conditions, namely rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, chronic hepatic diseases and several infections including HIV infection. They are directed against a variety of still ill-defined neutrophil antigens and most frequently yield a perinuclear pattern (P-ANCA) of binding by indirect immunofluorescence on ethanol fixed neutrophils. This paper reviews the literature on A-ANCA and our recent data suggesting that, among others, cathepsin G is one of the predominant antigen targets of A-ANCA. From a clinical point of view, the distinction between MPO-ANCA and A-ANCA is not possible by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF). The determination of ANCA antigens by specific ELISA is therefore necessary to differentiate P-ANCA with MPO specificity from those with undefined specificity. This is of importance because the clinical value of MPO-ANCA is clearly established while the presence of A-ANCA is difficult to interpret given their occurrence in a large variety of clinical conditions.
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PMID:Atypical autoantigen targets of perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasm antibodies (P-ANCA): specificity and clinical associations. 838 91

The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between the initial psychosocial situation and the probability of later symptom development in HIV-1 infection. One hundred HIV-1 seropositive subjects, 79 in Stage III (LAS) and 21 in Stage II (asymptomatic), were examined both immunologically (CD4+, Skin Test) and psychologically (test battery). Follow-up at 6 and 12 months involved clinical and immunological reassessment of subjects, who were then classified as fully symptomatic (S, Stage IV) or unchanged (U). The two groups were compared through ANOVA on initial psychosocial measures, while stepwise logistic multiple regression was employed to assess the predictive value of psychosocial measures on clinical and immunological evolution. Psychosocial measures most clearly showing an association with clinical evolution were Denial/Repression attitudes (negatively) and Fighting Spirit (positively), whereas aspects of Hardiness and Social Support showed an effect in interaction with initial CD4+ levels. No stable results were obtained on immunologic evolution. The two groups (U and S) did not show significant differences on other independent variables, with the exception of age.
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PMID:Psychosocial factors and clinical evolution in HIV-1 infection: a longitudinal study. 842 Dec 59

Five hundred three injecting drug users in Glasgow recruited by a multisite and citywide sampling strategy were questioned regarding their drug-taking behaviour during episodes of custody over the six months prior to interview. Fifty-two percent had been in custody during the past 6 months, 16% of these had injected while in custody. Of these 73% borrowed injecting equipment and 78% handed on used equipment to others. All those who shared, cleaned their injecting sets before use. Over half of those who injected had a source of new sets. While the potential exists for spread of HIV among drug users while in custody there is clear understanding among them of the route by which the virus is spread and also the will to prevent it.
Drug Alcohol Depend 1993 Mar
PMID:Prison experience of injecting drug users in Glasgow. 848 87

The HIV-1 high-risk drug use behavior of intravenous drug abusers was assessed both retrospectively (for 6 months) and prospectively (for 6 months) via structured interview and urinalysis testing. Subjects were 281 intravenous drug abusers, 146 enrolled in outpatient methadone treatment (Treatment group) and 135 not in treatment (Community group). The Treatment group reported fewer drug injections and less needle sharing and had fewer positive urinalyses for opiates and cocaine than did the Community group. Reported drug injection and needle sharing declined over time, and an increasing proportion of subjects reported abstinence from these behaviors. In contrast to the behavioral reports of subjects, positive urinalyses indicating opiate and/or cocaine use did not decline over time. Almost half (45.8%) of the reported increase in injection abstinence from intake to month six was disconfirmed by urinalysis. In contrast to this large discrepancy regarding reported behavior change, there was good agreement between reported injection abstinence and urinalysis results at single points in time. These data indicate that the validity of the reported HIV-1 risk behavior change of drug abusers may be less than that of reported risk behavior occurrence. The data raise important questions about the validity of reported reductions in high-risk drug use behaviors, and indicate the importance of using biological indicators of HIV-1 risk behavior (such as urinalysis) whenever possible.
Drug Alcohol Depend 1995 Aug
PMID:Validity of intravenous drug abusers' self-reported changes in HIV high-risk drug use behaviors. 852 37

Although the potential for prisons to act as the setting for HIV transmission has been recognised, there is an enduring lack of knowledge in this area. Data are presented on patterns of injecting and sharing in Edinburgh prison (Scotland), 1993-1994. There was a relatively low level of injecting in Edinburgh prison during this period, with 13% (8/60) of a sample of drug users having injected at some point during their current sentence. The majority (6/8) of those who had injected had shared injecting equipment. Where sharing took place, the level of HIV risk was variable, but would have been higher had cleaning fluids not been available within the prison, or had they not been used by sharers. The implications of this study for drug service provision in prisons is discussed.
Drug Alcohol Depend 1995 Oct
PMID:Patterns of injecting and sharing in a Scottish prison. 855 73

Pulmonary infection with Pneumocystis carinii, an opportunistic pathogen, is associated with a variety of immunosuppressive states, including human immunodeficiency virus infection. We hypothesized that alcohol ingestion might compromise host defenses against this pathogen and, in an immunocompromised host, increase the severity of infection. This hypothesis was tested in both acute and chronic ethanol-treated normal and CD4+ T-cell-depleted mice challenged with P. carinii organisms. Normal and CD4+ T-cell-depleted mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of ethanol or saline 0.5 hr before P. carinii challenge and killed 3 hr later for bronchoalveolar lavage. Acute alcohol treatment decreased significantly tumor necrosis factor (TNF) activity and the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) recovered in the lavage in response to the pathogen. Depletion of CD4+ T-cells did not potentiate the effect of alcohol on the early inflammatory response to the pathogen any further. In normal animals, in vivo interferon (IFN)-gamma pretreatment augmented significantly the P. carinii-stimulated lung TNF response and PMNL recruitment. However, IFN-gamma pretreatment prevented the alcohol-induced suppression of TNF secretion without affecting the PMNL recruitment. The effect of chronic alcohol consumption on the severity of infection was studied in long-term, alcohol-fed normal and CD(4+)-depleted mice challenged with P. carinii organisms. Lung histopathology showed that P. carinii infection was present in > 60% of the alcohol-fed mice and in none of the controls. Also, a significantly higher number of PMNLs were recovered in the lavage fluid of alcohol-fed mice with persistent infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1995 Oct
PMID:Alcohol ingestion impairs host defenses predisposing otherwise healthy mice to Pneumocystis carinii infection. 856 Dec 94

The steam volatile components from the hexane extract of dried flower buds of Egletes viscosa were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as trans-carvyl acetate, cis-carvyl acetate, sabinyl acetate, verbenyl acetate, cyclopentaethylidene, geranyl acetate and 5-methylfuranone, and trans-pinocarvyl acetate (major component). From the non-volatile residue, centipedic acid and a novel clerodane diterpene, 12-acetoxy-hawtriwaic acid lactone, were isolated. From the ethanol extract, ternatin (4',5-dihidroxy-3,3',7,8-tetramethoxyflavone), was isolated. Ternatin showed anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotection and gastroprotection properties, and, according to the NCI protocols, it showed moderate activity against HIV. The diterpenes showed antispasmodic activity. Structure determination of these secondary metabolites was accomplished by spectrometric methods, including 2D NMR, chemical interconversion and X-ray crystallographic analysis.
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PMID:Biologically active flavonoids and terpenoids from Egletes viscosa. 858 67


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