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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection produces a spectrum of clinical syndromes, progressing in severity from asymptomatic infection through the life-threatening diseases of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Current knowledge about the epidemiology, virology, and clinical manifestations of HIV infection and AIDS are reviewed.
Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse 1987
PMID:AIDS update--1987. 332 48

Over the past five years, the proportion of AIDS cases among gay and bisexual men in New York City has fallen as the proportion of AIDS cases has risen among IV drug abusers, the major channel of HIV infection to children and heterosexuals in New York City. By 1991, there will be over 40,000 cumulative AIDS cases in New York City, with close to 30,000 deaths. Controlling the spread of HIV infection among drug addicts, children, and heterosexuals requires education, outreach, and exploration of strategies such as increasing the legal availability of sterile needles and syringes. For at least the next several years, massive programs of public health education and voluntary, confidential risk-reduction counseling and HIV antibody testing will remain our critical weapons for reducing the spread of HIV infection among people engaged in high-risk behavior as well as among the general public.
Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse 1987
PMID:Current and future trends in AIDS in New York City. 344 93

The effort to prevent further HIV infection for high risk populations has been largely limited, in practice, to health education efforts. Prevention policy must utilize techniques which, in combination with health education efforts, works to decrease behaviors which are implicated in HIV transmission. It is argued that this approach to prevention will work best if it is designed with an understanding of the conditions under which individuals decline to comply with risk-reduction guidelines. It appears that the use of drugs and alcohol during sexual contact is one such condition. Three prevention strategies are suggested which, in addition to health education efforts, might be used to minimize HIV transmission related to the use of drugs and alcohol during sexual activity among gay men. It is hoped that the approach suggested in this paper for the prevention of further HIV infection might also be adopted to develop prevention strategies for other populations at risk of HIV infection.
Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse 1987
PMID:The prevention of HIV infection associated with drug and alcohol use during sexual activity. 344 94

The dual diagnosis of AIDS and substance abuse raises serious clinical and ethical issues for health care providers. Often, there are barriers to the diagnosis and referral for substance abuse treatment in people with HIV infection. Countertransference is one such barrier. Important educational needs of patients can be overlooked or not fully addressed. Essential information needs to be conveyed, regardless of whether or not a patient seeks substance abuse treatment. Early intervention and treatment are essential to minimize risk for HIV infection and transmission to others. Specific clinical issues that practitioners often address for patients with AIDS or ARC are appropriate interventions for denial of the HIV-related diagnosis coupled with the denial of substance abuse, difficulties in pain management, the difficulties of family and loved ones, the need for substance abuse relapse prevention, and the need for coordination of care among agencies.
Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse 1987
PMID:Treatment of substance abuse in patients with HIV infection. 348 40

The article examines the expanding role of drug abuse treatment professionals in the AIDs epidemic, including the utilization of predictive models to help focus prevention, intervention, and treatment efforts for IV drug users, who are the second largest at-risk group for HIV contagion after homosexual males, as well as adolescents. More specifically, the article addresses such issues as the needle-sharing ritual, the "teach and bleach" method of community-based outreach prevention, some of the cofactors involved in immunosuppression, the controversy surrounding drug maintenance programs and free needle distribution, safer-sex guidelines and sex education, HIV antibody testing and confidentiality. This article postulates that it is crucial for chemical dependency treatment programs to appraise themselves, on an ongoing basis, of both individual and organizational guidelines regarding AIDS and to develop AIDS and chemical dependency treatment components within their programs in order to keep drug abuse treatment itself from being compromised.
Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse 1987
PMID:The role of substance abuse professionals in the AIDS epidemic. 348 42

Chronic ethanol (EtOH) abuse in humans leads to a variety of immunomodulatory events that can alter resistance to a number of infectious agents. Whether alcohol abuse affects the susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus infection or the subsequent development of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a matter of extreme importance; however, available information in humans or animal models is limited. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of chronic EtOH feeding in mice on the development of immunodeficiency in the murine model of AIDS (MAIDS). C57BI/6 mice were placed on the Lieber-DeCarli liquid EtOH diet (25% or 31% total caloric intake) or a nutrient-matched isocaloric liquid control diet. Seven days later, mice were infected with the LP-BM5 murine leukemia virus mixture, and groups of infected and noninfected mice were assayed at defined time points postinfection for antigen-specific and nonspecific immune responses. In the absence of retroviral infection, chronic EtOH feeding (5-8 weeks) led to reductions in spleen weights, compared with isocaloric controls. In spite of reduced spleen size, mitogenic responses of spleen cells to concanavalin A (ConA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were elevated in EtOH-fed mice, as compared with mice fed the control diet. Chronic EtOH feeding also enhanced the allogeneic mixed lymphocyte response and increased antigen-specific priming of both B-cells and CD4+ T-cells to the antigen, sheep red blood cells. In MAIDS-infected mice, chronic EtOH feeding delayed but did not prevent the onset of virus-induced immunodeficiency and MAIDS-induced autoantibody synthesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1995 Aug
PMID:Ethanol as a possible cofactor in the development of murine AIDS. 748 39

Analogies are drawn between important unknowns in AIDS and alcohol research, related to underlying common pathogenetic mechanisms, immunodysregulation, cofactors, and prominent vascular manifestations. The central role of the blood and lymphatic vasculatures and specifically their endothelial lining in many facets of the immune response is reviewed. Evidence is presented that both alcohol and HIV (as well as other coinfecting viruses in AIDS) target and alter endothelial cells and the angiogenic process. These concepts are further illustrated by a serendipitous viral epidemic among rats on continuous long-term alcoholic and control nonalcoholic diets, where synergism between alcohol and virus appeared to underlie multiple vascular proliferative lesions in the liver. In AIDS and alcoholism/alcoholic liver disease (ALD), the prominent features of dysregulated angiogenesis point to the endothelium as a key player in pathogenesis of these seemingly disparate disorders and potentially in immunomodulation.
Alcohol
PMID:AIDS, alcohol, endothelium, and immunity. 751 23

Careful interviewing of alcoholics who wish to undergo alcohol withdrawal programmes reveals that some are past intravenous drug abusers. As these two potentially hepatotoxic types of substance abuse could cause liver disease or influence its clinical course, we studied biological, histological and virological features in 26 alcoholics with a past history of intravenous (i.v.) drug abuse, compared with paired controls (alcoholics without i.v. drug abuse). There were no differences with regard to routine liver test results. In contrast, the former drug abusers had a significantly higher prevalence of serum markers of hepatitis C (76.9%) and hepatitis B viruses (76.9%) than the other patients (16.7 and 12.5%, respectively). Eight patients, all of whom were HBs Ag negative, were positive for serum HBV-DNA; three were former drug abusers and five were not, giving an overall prevalence of HBV markers in the two groups of 80.8 and 25%, respectively. Two former drug abusers had anti-HIV antibodies and one had anti-hepatitis delta virus antibodies. Ten of the 17 former drug abusers who underwent liver biopsy had histological signs of viral infection. These data underline the need for careful interviews of alcoholic patients, together with serological tests for viral infections and histological analysis of the liver, as some will have liver-damaging viral diseases and may be candidates for anti-viral (i.e. interferon) treatment.
Alcohol Alcohol 1995 Jan
PMID:Clinical impact of drug addiction in alcoholics. 753 99

We examined the effects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and chronic alcohol consumption on cerebral phosphorus metabolites to determine if chronic alcohol abuse is a risk factor for the progression of neurological effects of HIV infection. We studied 15 HIV- alcoholics, 8 HIV- light/nondrinkers, 32 HIV+ alcoholics, and 41 HIV+ light/nondrinking men, with both HIV+ groups having similar CD4 lymphocyte counts. We used localized 31-phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy after magnetic resonance imaging to examine two brain volumes in superior white matter and subcortical gray matter. Chronic alcohol consumption was associated with reduced white matter concentrations of phosphodiester (PDE) and phosphocreatine (PCr). Also in the white matter, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex (ARC) were associated with reduced concentrations of PDE and PCr, compared with both HIV- and clinically asymptomatic HIV+ subjects. Because no alcohol-by-HIV interactions were detected, the effects of HIV infection and alcohol abuse were cumulative. This is reflected in a successive decrease of white matter PDE and PCr concentrations in the order HIV- light/nondrinkers/HIV- alcoholics/HIV+ light/nondrinkers/HIV+ alcoholics. Subcortical gray matter PDE concentrations were lower in ARC/AIDS alcoholics than in HIV- light/nondrinking individuals. These findings suggest altered brain phospholipid metabolites and energy metabolites with alcohol abuse and HIV infection. They demonstrate that the adverse metabolic effects of HIV on the brain are augmented by chronic alcohol abuse.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1995 Jun
PMID:Effects of chronic alcohol abuse and HIV infection on brain phosphorus metabolites. 757 94

The authors determined the sequences of the LTR region of Ethiopian HIV-1 subtype C strains and compared them with Swedish HIV-1 subtype B strains and earlier published data. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from seven randomly chosen HIV-1 infected Ethiopian patients, all with pre-AIDS or AIDS. PBMCs were also obtained from three Swedish HIV-1 subtype B-infected patients. Extraction of HIV-1 DNA was performed with the phenol-chloroform plus ethanol precipitation method. In all the Ethiopian HIV-1 subtype C strains, the first five nucleotides were changed to (G/A)CAGA, a finding not observed in the Swedish subtype B strains sequenced at the same time. The most remarkable feature of the Ethiopian NF-KB region was the presence of what appears to be an extra site located upstream of the usual sites I and II. At the same time, the core enhancer sequence GGGACTTTCC at site I was modified by a deletion of the A nucleotide and a change of the first T to a G. The gross LTR organization may be radically different in "African" subtype HIV-1 isolates compared to the American/European HIV-1 subtype B prototype strains. These data from the Ethiopian strains reinforce the validity of this conclusion.
 ...
PMID:Multiple enhancer motifs in HIV type 1 strains from Ethiopia. 757 37


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