Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A sample of 114 intravenous drug abusers hospitalized for HIV-spectrum diseases, was allowed to choose between methadone maintenance, partial or complete withdrawal as inpatient programs and was reassessed 4 days after discharge. One third of the patients had relapsed into heroin abuse. Rates of early relapse were significantly lower in the partial withdrawal group and higher in the methadone maintenance group. Patients with longer hospitalization and more severe HIV-related syndromes were particularly at risk of early relapse. Also, 45 former intravenous drug abusers were reassessed. Relapses were even more frequent than among active abusers, especially if the drug-free period before admission had been shorter than 1 year.
Drug Alcohol Depend 1991 Jan
PMID:A prospective assessment of opiate addiction treatment protocols for inpatients with HIV-related syndromes. 202 62

Reaction of 1,5-di-O-acetyl-2,3-dideoxy-3-phthalimido-beta-D-erythro-pento-fur anose (1) with silylated pyrimidinediones 2a-c using the Lewis acid trimethylsilyl triflate as catalyst afforded nucleosides 3a-c and 4a,c which were deprotected with 33% methylamine/ethanol to give the corresponding 3-aminonucleosides 5a-c and 6. These were reacted with 1,4-dinitroimidazoles 7a,b to give the 3-imidazolyldideoxynucleosides 8a,b and 9a-f. At sub-toxic concentrations these compounds were ineffective against HIV-1.
 ...
PMID:Synthesis of 3'-(4-nitroimidazol-1-yl)-2',3'-dideoxynucleosides of pyrimidine analogues and their biological evaluation against HIV. 209 97

Human retroviruses causing AIDS (HIV-1, HIV-2) can occur in human plasma donations. Since HIV-contaminated plasma cannot be completely excluded by testing for anti-HIV-1 (routine plasma screening for anti-HIV-2 has not yet been established), a safeguard against AIDS in therapeutics derived from human plasma can only be achieved by introducing HIV inactivating/eliminating methods into the manufacturing process of plasma derivatives. To investigate the HIV inactivating efficiency of such methods, aliquots of infectious HIV-1 or HIV-2 concentrates were added to a protein preparation, the resulting HIV spiked preparation was then treated according to the method to be studied, and the amount of infectious HIV in this preparation was determined before and after treatment. Methods by which HIV-1 or HIV-2, respectively, were completely inactivated were ethanol fractionation according to the Cohn procedure, pepsin treatment, affinity chromatography, protein precipitation by various methods, and pasteurization (heat treatment at 60 degrees C in aqueous solution). The use of these methods for manufacturing human plasma derivatives resulted in products that were free of any infectious HIV-1 or HIV-2 and thus unable to transmit AIDS.
 ...
PMID:Inactivation of HIV-1 and HIV-2 by various manufacturing procedures for human plasma proteins. 211 85

The association between alcohol consumption and AIDS risks is examined. It is concluded that chronic heavy drinking or alcohol consumption levels consistent with alcohol dependence or alcohol-related liver disease does damage the immune system. In addition alcohol consumption influences sexual behaviour for a variety of psychological, social and physical reasons. Attention is focused on the disinhibiting effects of alcohol and the popular belief that drinking may be used to facilitate or excuse otherwise unacceptable behaviour. Several studies indicate that alcohol consumption is associated with 'high risk' sexual behaviour. Accordingly drinking appears to be a risk factor for potential exposure to HIV infection and for relapse into 'high risk' sexual activities. Evidence does not support the conclusion that alcohol is a cofactor in the course of AIDS-related illnesses.
Alcohol Alcohol 1990
PMID:Alcohol, sex and AIDS. 208 55

Intravenous drug abuse is strongly associated with HIV transmission and with having a diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD). While the co-occurrence of intravenous drug abuse and ASPD is related to poor drug abuse treatment outcome, little is known about the contribution of ASPD to the intravenous drug abusers (IVDAs) level of HIV risk. The present study related the diagnosis of ASPD with specific drug use behaviors associated with high risk of HIV transmission. Subjects (N = 100) were intravenous drug abusers who volunteered for an HIV risk assessment study. Subjects with ASPD reported significantly higher rates of injection-equipment sharing and shared with significantly more people than IVDAs without ASPD.
Drug Alcohol Depend 1990 Aug
PMID:Intravenous drug abusers with antisocial personality disorder: increased HIV risk behavior. 220 14

The preliminary results of an Edinburgh, Scotland, self-report study of alcohol and drug use among 205 prostitutes and 200 of their clients and of the relationship between such drug use and AIDS-related behavior, beliefs, attitudes, and knowledge is reported. Data were obtained over from July 1988 to March 1989 through the nonrandom method of snowballing. Information was collected on biographical characteristics; alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use; sexual behavior with clients and lovers; and AIDS-related behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, and knowledge and use of medical services. A shorter version of the instrument was used for clients. Prostitutes included 102 males (average age 23) and 103 females (average age 26). Limitations are recognized due to underreporting and exaggeration in self-reports of alcohol and drug use, the lack of representativeness of the snowballing method, and number of interviewers (12) involved. Interviewers being known by respondents may deter some of the inaccurate reporting. There is confirmation of the view that many involved in commercial sex are heavy users of alcohol and less commonly illicit drugs, but the analysis of clients is pending. Females were significantly more likely to report illicit drug use. 58.5% of the study group reported having been tested for HIV antibodies. 8.3% were HIV seropositive. 9 refused to disclose their status. Over 75% reported drinking at least sometime during their work and over 33% reported drinking as the usual and constant activity. Licensed premises were used to contact clients. Over 33% reported never using illicit drugs in their work setting, 16.1% reported always or usually using drugs while at work, and 28.3% reported drug use sometimes. Gender showed similarity in alcohol and drug use. 66% reported alcohol consumption in the past week. The average male drinking units were 9 pints of beer. Females reported an average of 7 pints of beer. Consumption of alcohol was higher than among the young British population. 25% were heavy drinkers and exceeded the high risk levels set by the Royal College of Psychiatrists. 75.15 smoked tobacco, 84.4% had at some point smoked marijuana. It was perceived equally by males and females that 55-60% of clients were under the influence of alcohol and 31-33% under the influence of drugs. Condom use was found by women to be inversely related to the proportion of clients perceived to be under the influence of illicit drugs. Health education should take into account alcohol and drug use and AIDS risk.
Drug Alcohol Depend 1990 Feb
PMID:Alcohol, AIDS risks and commercial sex: some preliminary results from a Scottish study. 232 9

This investigation uses an epidemiologic strategy to examine a suspected association between misbehavior in early life and subsequent involvement in intravenous drug use. The 222 cases of i.v. drug use in this study were a subset of all persons recruited for a continuing study of drug use, HIV-1 infection, and the natural history of AIDS. It was possible to match these 222 i.v. drug users to 588 subjects from the NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area survey sample, for a total of 810 subjects in 60 matched sets. The matching factors were gender and census tract of residence. Conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate the degree of association between early misbehavior and i.v. drug use. The results showed a strong association between i.v. drug use and early misbehavior. For every unit increase in misbehavior score, the odds of being an i.v. drug user increased by a factor of 1.74 (P less than 0.001). Compared to subjects with low misbehavior scores, those with high scores were 24.67 times more likely to be i.v. drug users (P less than 0.001). Results of this study add to evidence now supporting field trials of public health strategies to modify the link between misbehavior in early life and later illicit drug use.
Drug Alcohol Depend 1990 Feb
PMID:Association between intravenous drug use and early misbehavior. 232 13

The emotional and behavioral responses of methadone patients to HIV antibody testing were examined by comparing 8 seropositives with 8 matched seronegatives. Seropositives displayed a wide range of immediate emotional reactions to learning their results, but no severe or damaging reactions; seronegatives were uniformly relieved. Almost all patients informed other persons of their serostatus with unremarkable consequences. Seropositives had higher anxiety than seronegatives at the 3-month follow-up, but behavioral outcomes were similar, tending towards reduced AIDS risk. The sample's program retention rate one year later was 94%.
Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse 1990
PMID:Reactions of methadone patients to HIV antibody testing. 234

Effects of cell fixation procedures appropriate for flow cytometric analysis on the infectivity of human T lymphoblastoid H9 cells infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) were evaluated to provide guidelines for choosing cell treatments for potentially infectious samples. H9 cells experimentally infected with HIV-1 were treated by the test fixation procedure, washed, and cocultured with equal numbers of live, uninfected H9 cells. To estimate the reduction in infectivity due to the fixation procedure, dilution series of live infected H9 cells in uninfected H9 cells were simultaneously established in culture. Cell cultures were incubated 8-10 d, harvested, and evaluated for evidence of HIV-1 infection by the presence of cell-associated HIV-1 antigens and/or by the presence of particle-associated reverse transcriptase activity in cell culture supernatants. Thirty-minute fixation with formaldehyde (1.85%), methanol (absolute), methanol:acetone (1:1), or paraformaldehyde (0.5%) reduced the infectivity of HIV-1-infected H9 cells by greater than 99.99%. To the same degree, a multi-step fixation procedure utilizing formaldehyde and ethanol was effective in reducing HIV-1 infectivity. Conversely, the erythrocyte fixative dimethylsuberimidate at 3 micrograms/ml was ineffective in reducing HIV-1 infectivity.
 ...
PMID:Effects of cellular fixatives on human immunodeficiency virus production. 237 57

Inhibition of the infectivity and cytopathic effect of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) by the immunoactive fractions obtained from LEM, which is an extract of the culture medium of Lentinus edodes mycelia, is reported. A purified fraction, EPS4, obtained from LEM by ethanol precipitation followed by hydrophobic chromatography and gel filtration chromatography completely inhibited the HIV-1 induced cytopathic effect in vitro at concentrations of greater than or equal to 10 micrograms/ml. Chemical and spectral analysis revealed that EPS4 is composed of water-soluble lignins containing minor amounts of protein (3.2%) and sugars (12.2%). Taken together with the previously reported observation that EPS4 promotes the activation of macrophages and the proliferation of bone marrow cells, the fraction appears to possess both an immunostimulating activity and an anti-HIV effect in vitro.
 ...
PMID:Inhibition of the infectivity and cytopathic effect of human immunodeficiency virus by water-soluble lignin in an extract of the culture medium of Lentinus edodes mycelia (LEM). 246 20


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>