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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Baseline data on a cohort of 612 homosexual and bisexual men were analyzed in order to examine the interrelationships between sociodemographic, knowledge, and attitude factors and sex behavior. Men were recruited for a randomized control study of small group AIDS risk reduction education in Toronto, Canada: The Talking Sex Project. Questionnaire validity and reliability checks were conducted. The development of knowledge and attitude scores is provided and includes reliability checks. Chi square and analysis of variance (ANOVA), Turkey's Studentized range Test, Pearson product moment correlations, and stepwise logistic regression analyses were performed. Population characteristics included a mean age of 32 years; 1.8% were teenagers, 2.8 had AIDS, and 6.2% had HIV-related diseases. Sociodemographic, health and life style, and sexual behavior characteristics were also reported. The univariate description of scaled knowledge and attitude variables is given. Knowledge is fairly high including knowledge or risk. Both scales had skewing toward the higher ends of the scale. 16.3% reported no sexual activity, but 52.6% reported 1 or more sexual activities in the last 3 months, excluding kissing or masturbation, which was the most common activity. 88.4% reported insertive oral-genital intercourse. 61.5% reported receptive of insertive anal sex. 42.2% had oral-anal sex. 4.1% participated in hand-anal sexual practices. Those with high school or less education had significantly lower scores on knowledge. Higher scores on knowledge of risk were found among men who had safer or protected sex than those who had unprotected anal intercourse. The relationship of background variables to sexual behavior showed that bisexuality was found to be associated with men under 24 years of age. 50% of bisexual men under 24 years reported unprotected anal intercourse vs. 24.4% of homosexual men. Alcohol or drug use was associated with sexual behavior, and men with reported safer sex consumed slightly less. Men practicing safer sex were more likely to report impulse control difficulties, had a stronger belief in the efficacy of condoms, and rated sexual practices safer. The logistic model correctly classified 94.5% of safer sex cases and 54.9% of unprotected sex. Efficacy of condoms was the best predictor of safer sex, as well as lower drug use, not being in a relationship, greater enjoyment of safer sex, being older, having fewer sexual partners, and lower, more cautious self-rating of knowledge of risk. Bisexuality needs further exploration.
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PMID:The Talking Sex Project: descriptions of the study population and correlates of sexual practices at baseline. 157 82

Most chemicals with potential virucidal activity are extremely cytotoxic even at very small concentrations, thus introducing a number of technical problems and uncertainties in the evaluation of the net virucidal effect. In the present study, an attempt was made to confirm the reported virucidal activity of certain well-known chemicals and a number of new compounds were investigated. The results suggest that HIV inactivation is dependent on the viral concentration, the time of incubation in presence of the putative disinfectant and the degree of virucidal activity of the latter. The data illustrate methodological problems arising from residual cytotoxicity of the chemical which may mask or mimic the presence of a true virucidal activity and lead to erroneous conclusions. Alcohol, the most commonly used disinfectant, was found to be ineffective for high viral concentrations, whilst sodium hypochlorite was the most efficient.
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PMID:Chemical inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus in vitro. 157 32

5-Alkoxymethyluracils 2a-c have been prepared by acid-catalyzed etherification of 5-hydroxymethyluracil (1). Compounds 1, 2a-c, 5-methoxymethyl- and 5-benzyloxymethyl-uracil were silylated and coupled with 1,5-di-O-acetyl-3-phthalimido-2,3-dideoxy-beta- D-erythro-pentofuranose (3), in the presence of trimethylsilyl triflate as a catalyst, to give the corresponding 3'-phthalimido-2',3'-dideoxynucleosides 5a-f and 6 which on treatment with 33% methylamine-ethanol afforded the corresponding 3'-amino-2',3'-dideoxynucleosides 7a-f and 8 in high yields. Compound 7d showed colony inhibition when tested against human epidermoid cervical cancer cells. Nucleosides 5a-e, 7a-f and 8 did not show any significant activity against HIV-1.
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PMID:Synthesis of 5-alkoxymethyl derivatives of 3'-amino-2',3'-dideoxyuridine and evaluation of their activity against HIV and cancer. 159 98

Crude extracts of dried leaves of Hyssop officinalis showed strong anti-HIV activity as measured by inhibition of syncytia formation, HIV reverse transcriptase (RT), and p17 and p24 antigen expression, but were non-toxic to the uninfected Molt-3 cells. Ether extracts from direct extraction (Procedure I), after removal of tannins (Procedure II), or from the residue after dialysis of the crude extract (Procedure III), showed good antiviral activity. Methanol extracts, subsequent to ether, chloroform and chloroform ethanol extractions, derived from procedure I or II, but not III, also showed very strong anti-HIV activity. In addition, the residual material after methanol extractions still showed strong activity. Caffeic acid was identified in the ether extract of procedure I by HPLC and UV spectroscopy. Commercial caffeic acid showed good antiviral activity in the RT assay and high to moderate activity in the syncytia assay and the p17 and p24 antigen expression. Tannic acid and gallic acid, common to other teas, could not be identified in our extracts. When commercial products of these two acids were tested in our assay systems, they showed high to moderate activity against HIV-1. Hyssop officinalis extracts contain caffeic acid, unidentified tannins, and possibly a third class of unidentified higher molecular weight compounds that exhibit strong anti-HIV activity, and may be useful in the treatment of patients with AIDS.
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PMID:Inhibition of HIV replication by Hyssop officinalis extracts. 170 26

Validation of virus removal during product manufacture is one of several techniques which can be used to help establish product safety. The usefulness of the validation technique will be illustrated for the manufacture of immunoglobulins by the Cohn-Oncley ethanol fractionation procedure in which the partitioning and inactivation of HIV were studied, and for the manufacture of Factor VIII. In the case of Factor VIII which was contaminated with HIV and transmitted infection to product recipients, several manufacturers explored means of eliminating infectious virus by using a validation procedure involving a scaled-down manufacturing process and the spiking of individual steps to determine the extent of removal from the product and the inactivation of virus during manufacture. Assays for virus remaining after each step were performed in tissue culture. Some products were also tested in chimpanzees. Results of tissue culture assays could be correlated with safety testing in animals, and also with subsequent retrospective analysis of actual product use in patients. Correlation was good, suggesting that process validation is useful. Current use of virus validation to assess virus removal from products made from continuous cell lines such as human hybridomas which could potentially contain viruses infectious for humans, as well as some limitations of these validation techniques are also discussed.
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PMID:Validation of removal of human retroviruses. 179 15

This study was carried out by the Regional Office for Europe of the World Health Organization. It contains information obtained by 31 December 1990 from 31 countries under the headings: illegal use of drugs; AIDS among intravenous drug users; HIV seropositivity among drug users; measures to prevent HIV infection among drug users; training programmes for drug workers.
Drug Alcohol Depend 1991 Dec 31
PMID:AIDS among drug users in Europe. 179 27

A recently developed assay for measuring infectious HIV-1 particles was used to determine the stability of the virus under various storage conditions as well as the effect of commonly used disinfectants. At the optimum pH of 7.1 the half life of the virus ranged from approx. twenty-four hours at 37 degrees C to no significant loss over 6 months at -75 degrees C. Drying the virus on a glass surface or freezing caused a 5-12 fold and 4-5 fold decrease of activity, respectively. The dried preparations, however, were about as stable as when stored in a buffered solution. A solution of iodine and detergent (2% Jodopax) was the only disinfectant examined which removed all detectable HIV-1 activity. Isopropanol and ethanol were more potent than acetone; however, all three solvents left some viable particles after a 30 min treatment with 70% solutions.
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PMID:Survival of HIV-1 activity after disinfection, temperature and pH changes, or drying. 180 53

Cylindrical specimens of trabecular pig bone were tested to uniaxial compressive strain levels of 30% to study the influence of various sterilization techniques and methods of HIV-inactivation on the mechanical properties characterized by compressive modulus, yield point, energy absorption and maximum stress. Heat inactivation at 60 degrees C (Lactated Ringer, 1 h) showed no effect; 80 degrees C (Lactated Ringer, 1 h) resulted in a diminution of the yield point and the maximum stress (p less than 0.005), while energy absorption and compressive modulus were not affected. No reduction in the stability was seen when ethanol was used instead of Lactated Ringer. At a temperature of 100 degrees C, all measured parameters were reduced to approximately 60% compared with the control group. A decrease to 13% to 25% was seen after autoclavation (120 degrees C, 2 bar, 20 min and 134 degrees C, 3 bar, 12 min). Irradiation (60Co) with 3 respectively 10kGy did not impair the stability, whereas a dose of 25 kGy led to a reduction to 61% to 69%. No additional effect was seen when irradiation was followed by storage at -80 degrees C for one week. These effects on bone stability should be considered when choosing a method of bone preparation to obtain HIV-inactivated bone grafts. Autoclavation should be used with caution when stability of the bone graft is essential. In this case, irradiation seems to be a safe method of sterilizing bone grafts ensuring both a high degree of safety and stability.
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PMID:[Biomechanical properties of heat and irradiation treated spongiosa]. 194 54

Abuse of cocaine is becoming a major problem among heroin addicts in Spain. Between 1987 and 1988, 75% of patients admitted as inpatients for detoxification from opiate dependence had consumed cocaine during the 6 months prior to admission and 25% had abused cocaine daily or several times/week. These cocaine abusers showed more toxicologic and psychopathologic problems than opiate addicts who did not abuse cocaine. The opiate addicts who also abused cocaine had begun using illicit drugs earlier and showed a higher frequency of anti-HIV antibodies. They also had more antisocial personality disorders and persistence of depressive symptoms during opiate detoxification than heroin addicts who did not abuse cocaine. Based on these findings, we insist on the need to develop different treatments for detoxifying patients with this dual addiction.
Drug Alcohol Depend 1991 Jan
PMID:Cocaine abuse among heroin addicts in Spain. 202 57

In 1986, a national survey was carried out in France among 4846 drug abusers attending specialised agencies and treatment centres. Data are analysed and compared with the results of a previous study in 1972. Most French drug abusers are men (74%) ranged in age from 20 to 29 years (68%). Data suggest increasing problems with heroin (69%), cocaine (13%), solvents (5%), alcohol (26%) and multiple drug dependence. Women are younger, they have attempted suicide more often than men but have been incarcerated half as often. Concerning drug abuse trends, women appear to use increasingly sedatives in combination with other drugs. Partial data concerning HIV seropositivity reveal a rate of 48% among drug abusers having been tested.
Drug Alcohol Depend 1991 Jan
PMID:Drug addicts attending specialised institutions: towards a drug addiction data bank? 202 59


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