Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

IL-10 plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of several diseases and is elevated in sera of HIV-infected patients. Recently, we demonstrated that HIV Nef induces IL-10 mRNA expression as well as IL-10 production using PBMCs, H9 or U937 cells. This induction of IL-10 is inhibited by a calmodulin antagonist, W-7. In the present study, T or B lymphocytes or monocytes were isolated from PBMCs of healthy HIV-negative donors. Production of IL-10 and mRNA gene expression were analyzed on each isolated cell population after treatment with Nef or SEA for 3-24 h. The results show that Nef induces IL-10 production as well as mRNA expression significantly using monocytes but not with T or B lymphocytes. By contrast, SEA induced IL-10 production as well as mRNA expression using T lymphocytes but not with monocytes or B lymphocytes.
Cytokine 2000 Oct
PMID:Monocytes are target cells for IL-10 induction by HIV-1 Nef protein. 1102 65

Cytokine imbalances play a major role in HIV immunopathogenesis. This study analyzes simultaneously the frequency of cytokine-producing cells at the single cell level by flow cytometry and the disturbances in cytokine secretion assessed by ELISA in a cohort of asymptomatic HIV1 patients in different stages of CD4 depletion and during antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Early in the disease, there is an increased frequency of IFN-gamma(+) lymphocytes and bulk IFN-gamma production, in parallel with a reduced proportion of IL4(+) cells and IL4 secreted. The two IL4 measurements are significantly correlated. No such correlation was found for IFN-gamma, which is consistent with a large variation in the amount of IFN-gamma released per individual cell. Moreover, HAART was associated with a reduction to normal levels in the bulk IFN-gamma secretion concomitant with a persistency of the overexpanded IFN-gamma(+) cell subset in the peripheral blood. This study emphasizes the importance of using a conjoint approach to assess the cytokine network in trials of antiretroviral and/or immune-based therapies to avoid missing significant effects which are possibly relevant in the clinical setting.
 ...
PMID:Bulk cytokine production versus frequency of cytokine-producing cells in HIV1 infection before and during HAART. 1102 57

We report on a cross-sectional study on proliferation and cytokine production (IFN-gamma, IL-12, IL-5 and TNF-alpha) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), activated or not with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in HIV-1-infected pregnant women, untreated or treated with zidovudine. We compared the results with healthy women, either pregnant or not, and with HIV-1-infected, non-pregnant women. The most significant results indicate that basal IL-5 production in HIV-1-infected pregnant women was higher than in the rest of the groups, being even higher in the zidovudine-treated than in the untreated group. IL-5 and TNF-alpha production by PHA-activated PBMC was also higher in HIV-1 pregnant women than in controls and infected non-pregnant women. IFN-gamma production was much higher in healthy women than in the other groups. Finally, the IFN-gamma/IL-5 (Th1-type/Th2-type-cytokine) ratio was lower in HIV-infected than in uninfected groups. Zidovudine treatment reduced basal IL-12 and increased PHA-stimulated IL-5 production. Our results indicate that both HIV-1 infection and pregnancy favored a Th2-type response by T cells. Interestingly, zidovudine-treated pregnant women had a significantly higher Th2-type response than untreated ones.
Eur Cytokine Netw 2000 Dec
PMID:Antiretroviral treatment induces a shift to type-2 cytokine responses in HIV-1 infected pregnant women. 1112 9

Nutritional alterations are common in HIV infection. Early studies documented weight loss and protein depletion, a finding associated with body cell mass depletion in untreated patients. The application of highly active antiretroviral therapy has led to a decreased incidence of malnutrition, although altered body fat distribution and metabolic alterations, including hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance, are common sequelae. The development of malnutrition is multifactorial and occurs through changes in caloric intake, nutrient absorption, or energy expenditure. Clinically, malnutrition develops as a result of either starvation or cachexia. Other hormonal and endocrinologic alterations include hypercortisolemia and hypogonadism. The rationale for providing nutritional support to AIDS patients is based upon the assumptions that nutrition status can be improved and that such improvements have clinical benefits. The results of hypercaloric feeding studies, including the use of appetite stimulants, indicate that weight gain is possible but that the weight gained is predominantly fat. In contrast, anabolic agents and resistance training exercise have been shown to promote body cell mass repletion and skeletal muscle gain. Cytokine inhibitors also have been evaluated for the treatment of wasting in HIV infection. Development of combination therapies, preventive therapies, and efficient and cost-effective therapies are current tasks in the field.
 ...
PMID:Nutritional alterations associated with HIV infection. 1112 32

U937 cell clones in which efficient (plus) vs poor (minus) replication of HIV-1 occurs have been described. We evaluated the role of host factors in their differential ability to support HIV-1 replication. Plus clones constitutively produced TNF-alpha and viral replication was inhibited by neutralization of endogenous TNF-alpha. However, HIV-1 replication was strongly upregulated in minus clones by exogenous TNF-alpha, which also further accelerated the kinetics of infection in plus clones. We observed an increased accumulation of proviral DNA within one round of HIV-1 replication following TNF-a treatment of plus cells. This effect was associated with increased surface density of CXCR4 in both plus and minus clones. Our results identify TNF-alpha as one correlate that contributes to the higher ability of U937-plus clones to sustain HIV-1 replication. Furthermore, we suggest that TNF-alpha may affect steps of the viral life cycle that occur earlier than transcription and also enhance HIV-1 replication by increasing the surface density of CXCR4.
Cytokine 2001 Jan 07
PMID:Tumor necrosis factor-alpha drives HIV-1 replication in U937 cell clones and upregulates CXCR4. 1114 43

We examined the adjuvant effects of a synthetic CpG oligodeoxynucleotide immunostimulatory sequence (ISS) using a whole-killed, gp120-depleted HIV antigen (HIV-1 antigen) in a Lewis rat model. We hypothesized that HIV-1-specific CD4(+) T helper (Th) immune responses could be enhanced when an ISS was combined with an HIV-1 antigen in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA). We also reasoned that if such Th responses were sufficient, such a combination might also induce HIV-specific CD8(+) T cell immune responses. Here we demonstrate that the HIV-1 antigen in IFA combined with ISS stimulates both CD4(+) and CD8(+) HIV-specific immune responses as measured by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in the ELISPOT assay. A strong correlation between these CD4(+) and CD8(+) responses was demonstrated. Furthermore, we found that the HIV-1 antigen in IFA with ISS as an adjuvant stimulated strong antibody responses to core antigen (p24). These studies suggest that the combination of the whole-killed, gp120-depleted HIV-1 antigen in IFA with ISS may be an ideal candidate to test in nonhuman primates and in human studies as a preventive HIV-1 vaccine.
J Interferon Cytokine Res 2000 Dec
PMID:HIV-Specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) immune responses are generated with a gp120-depleted, whole-killed HIV-1 immunogen with CpG immunostimulatory sequences of DNA. 1115 80

Spontaneous secretion of interleukin 8 (IL-8) was higher in latently infected U1 cells than in acutely infected or uninfected parental U937 cells. However, the induction of IL-8 by various cytokines (IL-1 alpha, TNF-alpha, IL-6, TNF-beta, GM-CSF, IFN-gamma) was significantly reduced in U1 cells. Cytokine modulation of IL-8 production in U937 cells acutely infected with a T cell-tropic strain (IIIB) or monocytotropic strain (ADA) of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) (HIV-1IIIB and HIV-1ADA) was variable and showed strain-specific differences. The obtained results showed that the in vitro induction of IL-8 is impaired in promonocytic cells latently infected with HIV-1 and is differently modulated under acute conditions of infection depending on the IL-8 inducing cytokine and on the infecting virus strain.
 ...
PMID:Cytokine-induced interleukin-8 production is depressed in chronic as opposed to acute human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection of promonocytic cells. 1115 65

Candida is a common opportunistic pathogen in HIV infection and is regarded a signal infection for progression to AIDS. Cytokine imbalances between Th1/Th2 groups have been described in both candida and HIV infections. A study was undertaken to assess the role of candida in furthering immunosuppression in HIV infection based on cytokine levels and CD4 cell counts. 30 Indian subjects were enrolled; 10 HIV positive patients with and 10 without mucosal candidiasis and 10 age matched controls. Th1 cytokines; interleukin (IL) 2, IL 12 and interferon (IFN) gamma, Th2 cytokines; IL 4, IL 6, IL 10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha with CD 4 cell counts were estimated using ELISA in all subjects. CD4 cell counts were reduced in both patient groups as compared to controls; significantly more in patients with both HIV and candida infections. There was a decrease in Th1 cytokine levels in all patients; lower levels of Th1 cytokines were seen in patients with both infections. Among the Th2 cytokines, there was a significant increase in the levels of IL 6, IL 10 and TNF alpha in both patient groups; IL 10 and TNF alpha values were significantly raised in patients with dual HIV and candida infections as compared to the other patients. There was no difference in IL 4 values across the subject groups. A positive correlation between CD4 cell counts and Th1 cytokine levels and a negative correlation with Th2 cytokines were noted; these were stronger in patients with both HIV and candidiasis. Thus, there was a Th1/Th2 cytokine imbalance with CD4 cell count reduction in all HIV infected patients, which was more pronounced in patients with both infections. It can be concluded that, owing to the depressed CD4 cell count and Th1 response and increased Th2 cytokines in patients with both candidiasis and HIV as compared to patients with only HIV candidiasis may have a synergistic immunosuppressive effect with HIV in patients with dual infections.
 ...
PMID:Synergistic immunosuppression by candida in HIV infection: a cytokine based analysis. 1118 79

The family of NF-kappaB/rel transcription factors regulates a variety of promoters through specific DNA-binding sites. Consistent with the role of NF-kappaB activation as a response to pathogens, it regulates the expression of immune modulating cytokines like interferon-beta3 (IFN-3). Transcriptional regulation of IFN-beta is characterized by strict constitutive repression and virus-mediated activation. A nuclear protein, called NRF (NF-kappaB repressing factor) silences constitutively the IFN-beta3 promoter by binding to the negative regulatory element (NRE). This control is achieved by a direct protein-protein interaction between NRF and proximal bound NF-kappaB factors preventing the transcriptional activation. After viral induction NRF still binds but does not any more exert its specific inhibition. NRE-related sequences found in a number of promoters like those of HIV-1, HTLV-1 and the genes of the IL-2Ralpha and IL-8 constitute functionally related silencer elements which repress the constitutive enhancing activity of NF-kappaB/rel-binding sites from these promoters.
Eur Cytokine Netw 2000 Sep
PMID:NRF, a nuclear inhibitor of NF-kappaB proteins silencing interferon-beta promoter. 1120 93

The demonstration that macrophages express CXCR4 has led to a reexamination of their susceptibility to human immunodeficiency (HIV)-1 X4 strains. Here, we examined the susceptibility to X4 HIV-1Lai of two previously characterized macrophage populations, obtained either as 1) adherent cells of five-day cultures of blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), followed by two days without nonadherent PBMC nor added cytokines (MDM-5d); or 2) as adherent cells recovered from one-hour incubation of PBMC, which were cultured for seven days with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MDM-MCSF). Exposing MDM-5d or MDM-MCSF to HIV-1Lai did not lead to productive infection, as indicated by a lack of (MDM-MCSF) or low (MDM-5d) viral p24 levels in culture supernatants. However, MDM-5d vigorously transmitted HIV-1 Lai to autologous T lymphocytes, which was not the case of HIV-1Lai-exposed MDM-MCSF. PCR analysis of the LTR RU5 region showed that X4 HIV-1Lai entered into both types of macrophages in the same manner as R5 HIV-1 BaL. However, in contrast to MDM-5d, there was a block of HIV-1 Lai retrotransciption in MDM-MCSF. Cytokine profile analysis of the two types of macrophages showed that TNF-alpha, IL-6 and RANTES levels were higher in MDM-5d than in MDM-MSCF, while the IL10 level was higher in MDM-MCSF, both producing similar IL16 levels. Altogether, these data indicate that HIV-1 X4 strains enter into macrophages but that their replication is blocked thereafter in a different manner according to the activation status of the cells.
 ...
PMID:The susceptibility of macrophages to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 X4 isolates depends on their activation state. 1123 83


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10