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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In situ hybridization was used to identify the cell types infected by hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the liver. Using an antisense HCV-RNA probe from the 5' non-coding region, HCV-RNAs molecules were detected in liver sections of 4/11 patients with chronic hepatitis C. These 4 positive subjects were also infected by HIV. HCV-RNA-positive strands were detected in scattered hepatocytes as well as in cells identified as mononuclear cells within the inflammatory infiltrates. HCV-RNA negative strands, likely replicative intermediates, were also detected in these cells. This study therefore indicates that replication of HCV may occur in both hepatocytes and mononuclear liver cells.
J Hepatol 1992 Sep
PMID:Detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA sequences in liver tissue by in situ hybridization. 133 9

Fibronectin, a non-specific opsonin involved in the clearance of microorganisms, is thought to play a role in various infectious disease processes. Its diagnostic value as a biological marker of infection and/or prognosis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients is questionable. We conducted a prospective study to evaluate plasma fibronectin levels in patients with HIV infection at different stages of the disease. Eighty-one consecutive HIV-infected patients seen in our department were evaluated clinically and biologically. Classifications according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) stages were: Group II (n = 22), Group III (n = 17), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (n = 17) and AIDS related complex (n = 25). Plasma fibronectin levels were measured by a radial immunodiffusion assay. Plasma fibronectin levels were not different between HIV-infected patients (344 +/- 128 mg/L) and controls (n = 20, 335 +/- 45 mg/L). Among the 81 patients, plasma fibronectin levels were within normal value in 79%, with no significant difference of mean plasma fibronectin between the different CDC groups. No correlation was found between plasma fibronectin and other biological parameters including CD4+ cells, p24 antigen, beta-2-microglobulin. Furthermore, no correlation was noted between fibronectin and complement levels or presence of circulating immune complexes. These results suggest that plasma fibronectin is not a useful marker in patients with HIV infection.
Eur J Med 1992 Sep
PMID:Fibronectin in HIV-infected patients: a prospective study. 134 13

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was used to determine the presence of Epstein-Barr virus sequences in seven cases of pulmonary lymphoid interstitial pneumonia not associated with HIV infection. Evidence of Epstein-Barr virus genome was found in three of six cases in which beta-globin gene, used as an internal control for the integrity and amplifiability of the tissue DNA, could be detected. These results suggest that Epstein-Barr virus infection is not always required for the development of lymphoid interstitial pneumonia.
Mod Pathol 1992 Sep
PMID:Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia not associated with HIV infection: role of Epstein-Barr virus. 134 10

Benzylated derivatives of a peptide (CD4(81-92)) representing the CDR3-like region of CD4 were previously found to inhibit gp120 binding, HIV-1 infectivity, and syncytium formation. These results have been interpreted to indicate a role for the corresponding CD4 region in these processes. The peptide (TbYICbEbVEDQKAcEE) is the prototype of a series of similar CD4(81-92) derivatives. We report that this peptide noncompetitively inhibits binding to CD4 of both gp120 and a mAb (MAX.16H5), both of which recognize the CDR2-like region of CD4. The binding of an antibody (Leu 3a) that is directed against a different area of the D1 domain of CD4 was also inhibited. The peptide derivative inhibited both HIV-1- and HTLV-1-mediated syncytium formation in the same concentration range. Nonbenzylated cyclic and linear peptides representing the CDR3-like region of CD4 (CD4(84-101)) had only minor effects on gp120 binding which were not sequence specific. The results of this study suggest that the effects of benzylated CD4(81-92) derivatives on HIV-1 binding or fusion should not be used to reach conclusions about the function of the corresponding CD4 region.
J Immunol 1992 Sep 01
PMID:Effects of CD4 synthetic peptides on HIV type I envelope glycoprotein function. 135 81

Epidemiologists reviewed 9 published studies of possible transmission of HIV-1 via breast milk to determine estimates of quantitative risk. They identified 4 studies in which the infants were breast feeding when the mother became infected: 2 retrospective studies in Australia and Kinshasa. 19 seronegative mothers at delivery in Lusaka seroconverted by 12 months after delivery. 3 infants also tested positive for HIV-1. In Kigali, 5 HIV-1 infected children out of 9 mothers who seroconverted after 3 months had an earlier negative polymerase chain reaction. The rates of mother to child transmission for Australia was 3/11 and 1/3 for Kinshasa. The overall risk of HIV-1 transmission via breast milk was 29%. The other 5 studies were birth cohort studies which included infants of mothers infected with HIV-1 at delivery: Europe; Miami, Florida; France; Switzerland; Kinshasa, Zaire; and Australia. The epidemiologists compared the risk of HIV-1 transmission in breast-feeding infants with that of bottle-fed infants. The summary estimate of the additional risk of transmission via breast feeding was 14% with a wide confidence interval of 7-22%. This indicated that 14% more infants were infected with HIV-1 through breast milk over and above the proportion infected in utero or during delivery. The estimates of additional risk ranged from 5% in Miami to 33% in Australia. None of the 10 bottle-fed infants in Kinshasa became infected with HIV-1. Only 1 study had done a multivariate analysis so it was not possible to determine confounding factors. In countries where safe alternatives to breast milk exist, HIV-1 positive mothers should not breast feed their infants. On the other hand, in countries where infectious diseases cause considerable infant death, HIV-1 positive mothers should consider breast feeding.
Lancet 1992 Sep 05
PMID:Risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission through breastfeeding. 135 77

We measured serum and CSF beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2M) levels in HIV-1 seropositive individuals with and without dementia to determine the frequency and diagnostic utility of elevation of CSF beta 2M. We compared 34 samples from 27 patients with HIV-1 dementia with 110 samples from 54 HIV-1 seropositive participants in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, none of whom had progressive dementia. Neurosyphilis and CNS opportunistic processes were excluded in all subjects. We stratified the nondemented subjects by duration of HIV seropositivity and peripheral blood CD4 count. Compared with the nondemented group, demented subjects had significantly higher CSF total protein, IgG%, and CSF albumin/serum albumin ratios. A highly significant association was found between elevated CSF beta 2M and reduced CD4 count (p less than 0.0001). No significant differences were noted between the demented and nondemented groups in CSF WBC count or in the frequency of CSF HIV-1 isolation. The mean CSF beta 2M was 1.9 mg/l in the nondemented subjects compared with 4.2 mg/l in those with dementia (p less than 0.0001). We derived a cutoff of 3.8 mg/l from the distribution of CSF beta 2M in the nondemented group. The determination of CSF beta 2M had a sensitivity of 44%, specificity of 90%, and a positive predictive value of 88% for diagnosis of HIV dementia when compared with nondemented subjects with CD4 counts less than 200. In those without dementia, there was a strong correlation between serum and CSF beta 2M (r = 0.50, p less than 0.0001), but in demented subjects CSF beta 2M was elevated independently of serum levels, suggesting that CSF beta 2M is produced within the brain in HIV dementia. In the absence of CNS opportunistic processes, elevated CSF beta 2M greater than 3.8 mg/l is a clinically useful marker for HIV dementia.
Neurology 1992 Sep
PMID:The diagnostic utility of elevation in cerebrospinal fluid beta 2-microglobulin in HIV-1 dementia. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. 135 86

In a recent workshop held on Sanibel Island, Florida (18-21 January 1992), the two most common neuroimmunologic diseases of young adults, multiple sclerosis (MS) and HIV encephalopathy, were jointly discussed. The logic of assembling investigators from these two fields was based not on an assumed etiologic connection between MS and retroviral infection of the central nervous system (CNS), but rather in the hope of uncovering potential common pathogenic mechanisms, particularly as might relate to trafficking of mononuclear cells into the central nervous system, the distribution and function of macrophages and microglia, the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier, and the role of cytokines released by activated cells. Multiple sclerosis is a disease without a known etiologic agent or pathogenesis. While the causative agent for HIV leukoencephalopathy is known, the pathogenesis of the disease remains entirely enigmatic (a topic covered by R. Johnson). This meeting brought together two different groups of investigators to compare and contrast the diseases and to share perspectives, paradigms, and data with the aim of cross-fertilizing the disciplines and generating healthy hybrids.
J Neuroimmunol 1992 Sep
PMID:Neurological consequences of immune dysfunction: lessons from HIV infection and multiple sclerosis. 135 91

The prevalence of HIV infection in women at end of pregnancy, irrespective of outcome, was determined in a comprehensive survey of both women and medical centres during successive 4-week periods in four areas of the Paris region, France. Blood samples were tested anonymously for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and HIV-2. Of the 11,593 blood samples 0.40% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.28-0.51) were positive for HIV-1 and 0.02% (95% binomial interval [BI] 0.002-0.065) for HIV-2. Seroprevalence was higher among women with ectopic pregnancy (2%) (95% BI 0.24-7.04); the rate in women having an elective or therapeutic abortion was more than twice that in those delivering babies (0.70% vs 0.28%, p less than 0.05, relative risk 2.54, 95% CI 1.36-4.75). Studies with neonatal HIV seroprevalence as a surrogate for HIV prevalence in pregnant women would underestimate prevalence in these women.
Lancet 1992 Sep 19
PMID:HIV infection at outcome of pregnancy in the Paris area, France. 135 8

Third-generation immunoassays for detection of antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have reduced the interval between infection and antibody detection. Might such earlier detection diminish the value of the western blot as a confirmatory assay? We compared the sensitivity of one second-generation and two third-generation anti-HIV enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) with the results from HIV-antigen testing and western blot. 1045 western-blot confirmed anti-HIV positive samples were tested with a detection rate of 100% for all three EIAs. The detection rate in 36 samples drawn from different persons in early stages of HIV infection was 89% for the second-generation EIA and 94% for both third-generation EIAs. With carefully selected seroconversion panels that included sampling intervals during seroconversion of one week or less, we found that both third-generation EIAs detected seroconversion on average 5 days earlier (range 0-13) than did the second-generation assay. Western blot is commonly used to confirm HIV infection. In 6 of 10 seroconversions, one or both third-generation EIAs were reactive before any band appeared in the western blot. Since HIV antigen was detectable in these cases, the HIV antigen test may serve as a confirmatory assay for anti-HIV EIA-positive, western-blot negative, samples.
Lancet 1992 Sep 26
PMID:Early detection of antibodies to HIV-1 by third-generation assays. 136 21

To evaluate the possible need for vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus of patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), antibodies were measured in blood samples from 78 Danish HIV-infected men, born 1950-59, who could be expected to have received primary vaccination before they contracted the HIV infection. No patients (95% confidence interval: 0-4) had tetanus antibodies below the protective level, whereas 24 of the 78 patients (16-33) were unprotected against diphtheria. In the background population of the same age group and sex, 5% and 10% have been found unprotected against tetanus and diphtheria, respectively. No relationship between disease stages and antibody levels could be found. Neither was there any difference between patients with normal and reduced numbers of CD4+ lymphocytes. From 25 patients two blood samples were taken at an interval of at least one year. Anti-tetanus titres showed a decrease comparable to that found in the background population, whereas the change in anti-diphtheria titres was more variable with rising antibody concentrations in nine patients. The fall off in antibodies did not increase with progression of the disease. It is concluded that HIV-positive younger men who have followed the vaccination program against tetanus prior to the HIV infection can be expected to be protected, whereas revaccination against diphtheria must be considered.
APMIS 1992 Sep
PMID:Immunity against diphtheria and tetanus in human immunodeficiency virus-infected Danish men born 1950-59. 135 66


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