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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The present study analyses the effectiveness of AIDS volunteers in mitigating the stigma attached to People With AIDS (PWAs) within the context of developing community-based care (CBC) in Thailand. A total of 86 trained village health volunteers (T-VHVs) and 99 non-trained village health volunteers (N-VHVs) were enrolled in the study. In addition, 58 villagers in the T-VHV's intervention area and 72 villagers in the non-intervention area were also enrolled. Both T-VHVs and N-VHVs as well as villagers were assessed to determine their level of knowledge with respect to HIV/AIDS and attitudes toward PWAs. Furthermore, we also determined the village health volunteers' level of activity in distributing knowledge of HIV/AIDS in order to prevent and reduce stigma in the community. Although T-VHVs showed a greater depth of knowledge of HIV/AIDS than N-VHVs (p < 0.05), positive attitudes toward PWAs and the level of practice of village health volunteers did not differ significantly between T-VHVs and N-VHVs. While the level of health knowledge of villagers did not differ significantly between the T-VHV's intervention and control areas, a significant difference was observed between the two areas in terms of the villagers' attitudes towards PWAs (p < 0.01). Villagers in the intervention area attached less stigma to PWAs; therefore, T-VHVs played a role in providing basic information on AIDS to the villagers and in mitigating the stigma attached to PWAs. However, these volunteers need to undergo further training through a well-organized training programme in order to obtain a greater depth of knowledge. This is essential for the development of community-based care for PWAs.
Asia Pac J Public Health 2001
PMID:The role of AIDS volunteers in developing community-based care for people with AIDS in Thailand. 1210 57

Subtypes B' and E are the two major subtypes of HIV-1 among injecting drug users (IDU) in Thailand. However, there are not many reports on subtype distribution during the early epidemic. Random blood specimens collected during 1994-2000 from 3,286 IDU at the Thanyarak Hospital were tested for HIV antibody and subtyped by using peptide binding enzyme immunoassay. The prevalence rate of HIV infection was 36.8%. All HIV-seropositive IDU were ascertained for "year of first HIV seropositivity" from their medical records. Of 1,512 HIV-seropositive samples, 1,408 (93.1%) were typeable. During 1987-1988, the proportion of subtype B' was as high as 80% but decreased rapidly to 27.6% during 1999-2000. At the same time, the proportions of subtype E increased correspondingly (Chi-square test for the trend, p < 0.05). The relatively high proportion of subtype E among IDU since an early stage of the epidemic suggests early co-existence of both subtypes and needs further investigation.
Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 2002 Mar
PMID:Co-existence of HIV-1 subtypes B' and E infections among Thai injecting drug users. 1212 15

The World Health Organization will be publishing this AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) Information Update for the Western Pacific Region on a quarterly basis and will include the most recent information on the prevalence of AIDS and HIV infections. Depending upon space availability, detailed analysis of the AIDS and HIV infections in addition to pertinent developments in AIDS control in each country will be included in subsequent issues. The 1st case of AIDS in the Region was reported in Australia in 1982. In September 1985, the attention of the WHO Regional Committee for the Western Pacific was drawn to the occurrence of 132 cases of AIDS in 5 countries in the Region -- Australia, 110 cases; New Zealand, 11 cases; Japan, 7 cases; Hong Kong, 3 cases; and China, 1 case. As of November 18, 1987, a cumulative total of 748 cases of AIDS had been reported by 11 countries in the Region, representing a 5-fold increase over the September 1985 figures. In Australia, infection with HIV other than AIDS is a notifiable condition in some states and territories only. A table also indicates the variation in category and in the total surveyed under each category in each country. Another table rearranges this data according to certain risk factors. Results of HIV antibody tests performed on a limited number of homosexuals/bisexuals in Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, and Singapore ranged from around 1/1000 in the Philippines to 20% in Papua New Guinea. Hiv antibody tests performed on a limited number of intravenous drug users in Hong Kong, Macao, and Singapore yielded negative results. It appears that even among prostitutes the proportion of HIV antibody positive reactors continues to be low, ranging from 1-8/10,000 in the Philippines and the Republic of Korea. The proportion of HIV positive reactors among blood donors in 7 countries was quite low indicating that HIV infection has not spread in the general population. The figures indicate that HIV infection rate is low in many countries of the region, indicating it is a relatively new infection, but the danger that it will eventually become widespread is evident.
Virus Inf Exch Newsl South East Asia West Pac 1987 Dec
PMID:AIDS information update from WHO Western Pacific Regional Office. November 1987. 1215 19

A surveillance center for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection at the Regional Medical Research Center in Jabalpur, India, has analyzed 2011 serum samples from foreign students and other high-risk groups since its establishment in November 1986. 10 of these samples have been found to be positive for HIV infection by ELISA testing and were subsequently confirmed as positive by the Western blot test. All 10 positive serum samples were from foreign students from African countries. None of these students had any clinical signs of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). None of the 612 Indians from high-risk groups screened through this surveillance system had antibodies to HIV. However, efforts are now underway to screen a larger sample of Indians considered to be at risk of HIV infection, especially prisoners, prostitutes, blood donors, and patients with sexually transmitted diseases.
Virus Inf Exch Newsl South East Asia West Pac 1988 Jun
PMID:Prevalence of HIV antibody in high risk groups, Jabalpur, Central India. 1215 20

Pediatric AIDS is a growing problem in the developing world. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 500,000 women and children were infected with HIV by the end of 1990 in sub-Saharan Africa and that 1 million children were made orphans because of parental mortality due to AIDS. It is projected that by the year 2000 almost 80% of people with AIDS in the world will be from the developing world and Africa may have 590,000 maternal deaths. Perinatal transmission could occur through blood, an infected placenta, cervical secretions, or breast milk. Where safe alternatives are unavailable, however, various investigators and the WHO advise that breastfeeding continue irrespective of the mother's HIV status. Despite the potential risk of maternal-child HIV infection, no large-scale studies have been conducted on the incidence of HIV transmission through breast milk. In an attempt to shed light on the issue, this paper reports a case where a mother acquired HIV after an infected blood transfusion and transferred the infection to the baby during lactation. It is suggested that, like the vertical transmission of HIV, geographic variations in HIV transmission through breast milk may exist. In assessing whether or not HIV-infected mothers should breastfeed their infants, the mother's education, financial resources, and disease stage should be considered.
Virus Inf Exch Newsl South East Asia West Pac 1992 Jun
PMID:HIV-1 transmission through breast milk: a case report. 1228 57

Of more than 1 million people screened in serosurveillance centers across India, more than 6000 have been found to be infected with HIV. Bombay, Madras, and Manipur are the 3 epicenters of pandemic viral spread. The majority of infected individuals in southern India are in Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra states. HIV-1serology was, however, added to the center in Karnataka state amid reports of rising HIV seroprevalence. St. John's Medical College Hospital is in Bangalore, a rapidly growing city of the state. An ongoing study began screening high-risk groups and blood donors for seroprevalence to HIV in March, 1989. This report presents findings based upon the first 3 years of the study. In all, sera from 26,236 voluntary blood donors and 1364 high-risk group patients were screened with ELISA. 26 seropositives were identified, 17 of which were from Bangalore city and its suburbs; the others were from semi-urban environments. Quite a few were unaware of HIV infection and its implications. Most seropositives were males aged 20-40 years thought to have contracted HIV from heterosexual intercourse, although one admitted to homosexuality. Further, many are frequent travellers due to the nature of their jobs. Of the blood donors, none was seropositive in 1989, 1 in 1990, and 15 in 1992; a similar trend was observed among the high-risk group patients. These findings point to the as-yet modest, but growing, entry of HIV into populations in and around Bangalore. Continuous serosurveillance and vigorous health education of the population are required to stem further HIV infection.
Virus Inf Exch Newsl South East Asia West Pac 1992 Jun
PMID:Hospital based epidemiology of HIV-1 in Bangalore, India. 1228 58

The realization that AIDS would pose a large socioeconomic cost convinced the Thai government in 1988 to immediately implement AIDS prevention activities. It looked at estimates of lost income due to AIDS-related absenteeism and AIDS-related death and the burdens on health services, families, and society in general. Thailand is especially vulnerable to the spread of HIV/AIDS because of the large number of drug addicts, men visiting sex workers, an active sex industry, poverty, and the rising number of tourists. AIDS must not be ignored. One should be forthright and discuss AIDS at every opportunity. Everyone should be active in the fight against AIDS. The fight should not be just the responsibility of the government. In Thailand, Buddhist temples, family planning organizations, taxi drivers, bar workers, brothel owners, teachers, the police, and the army are all participating in the fight against AIDS. Tourist-related businesses were first reluctant to bring the AIDS fight into the open for fear of reducing the number of tourists coming to Thailand. When they understood that doing nothing would lead to no tourists at all, they joined the fight. Thailand does not put one at risk of HIV/AIDS, but one's behavior does. The Minister of Health advises tourists coming to Thailand for sex to stay home and take rat poison because it is cheaper. The government's commitment to be frank about the AIDS epidemic and to AIDS prevention efforts has been successful. Over the last 3 years, the incidence of bacterial sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) has decreased 77%. Condom sales have increased markedly. Sales of antibiotics for STDs have fallen considerably. The government's openness has brought about adverse publicity about Thailand; yet, the conditions in Thailand which make it vulnerable to the spread of AIDS also exist in other Asian countries.
Pac AIDS Alert Bull 1994
PMID:Thai tactics: "Act now and avoid future costs". 1228 81

Many people in some Pacific Island countries are inhibited by cultural mores to talk about AIDS and the prevention of HIV transmission. Such taboo did not, however, prevent Maposua Rudolf Keil, owner of the independent radio station FM 98, from speaking frankly over the air about the issue. In a live interview with the editor of PASA, Keil affirmed his belief that parents especially should talk more honestly to each other and with their children about such sensitive issues. AIDS affects individuals, families, and the entire nation. Moreover, he pledged to provide fifteen minutes of air-time per week for a program devoted to discussing sexuality, sex-related issues, and AIDS prevention. The Secretary-General of the South Pacific Commission has challenged other Pacific Island radio stations to act likewise. While many government-controlled radio stations have used aid funds to develop their facilities and expertise, they now charge for programs which are in the public interest and aimed at improving the lives of Pacific Islanders.
Pac AIDS Alert Bull 1994
PMID:In country: Samoa. Radio against AIDS. 1228 83

Within the space of a decade, the level of HIV infection in Thailand has grown to epidemic proportions. With regard to children, 16,000 had been born with HIV by the end of 1994, while tens of thousands of child prostitutes and street children are at risk of infection. By the year 2000, more than one million Thai children will have at least one HIV-infected parent. Many of these children will therefore become either orphans or abandoned by their infected parents. The magnitude of these problems over the course of the lives of HIV-affected children depends heavily upon actions taken now. This paper summarizes the joint report of the Thai Red Cross Society and the East-West Center's Program on Population on the impact of HIV on children in Thailand. The current situation, projected impacts, and policy recommendations are described. No other country has had as complete a monitoring system or as early a warning of the problems ahead. Some recommended approaches are familiar and simply need to be strengthened and expanded to the regional or national level, while others require field testing. The authors stress the need for shared commitment, ideas, resources, and efforts of all sectors of society to plan for the future needs of children affected by HIV, to protect them from infection, and to provide them with the social and economic support, medical treatment, and legal protection they need.
Asia Pac Pop Policy
PMID:The HIV / AIDS epidemic in Thailand: addressing the impact on children. 1229 May 98

The AIDS epidemic has brought to the fore many social injustices; for instance, inappropriate laws. The groups of people most at risk of HIV/AIDS are women, young people, and sex workers. More appropriate laws are needed to protect their rights. In many instances sex workers are prosecuted for selling their services, but their clients are not prosecuted for seeking these services. Most people become sex workers so they can feed, clothe, and supply the basic needs for themselves and their families. Many sex workers are abandoned wives, mothers with no means of support, and poverty stricken people. A Health Ministry commission in Sweden proposed that prostitutes, clients, and pimps be prosecuted and be liable to imprisonment. Authorities in Scotland, where prostitution is illegal, have granted licenses to more than 20 clubs in Edinburgh in which sex is for sale. In the UK, the Royal College of Nursing called for a measure to decriminalize prostitution and to introduce licensed, regulated brothels. The legalization of sex clubs and brothels will occur soon in the Netherlands. In Poland, 30,000-50,000 youth, 33% of whom are underage, sell sex during holidays. Organizations are beginning to work only with male prostitutes in Belgium. In the countries of the former Soviet Union and China, prostitution is becoming more and more common. Some young girls in these countries practice currency prostitution. In almost all Asian countries except Thailand condom use is low; yet prostitution and sexually transmitted diseases are very common. Some people participate in the corrupt trade in women from Nepal to supply the sex market in Bombay, India. Sex tourism is still common in cities of Eastern Europe and the former USSR and in areas where tourism is increasing. There are more than 1 million prostitutes aged under 16 in eight Asian countries, with 400,000 in India. Sweden and the UK have taken steps to prosecute natives who have sex with children abroad. Philippine authorities are increasing their efforts to target foreigners involved in the sex trade.
Pac AIDS Alert Bull 1996
PMID:Sex work on the rise. International news. 1229 21


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