Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The purpose of this study was to examine whether methadone maintenance treatment reduces injecting risk behaviour (and therefore transmission of blood-borne viral infections) among prisoners in New South Wales (NSW), using comparison of retrospective reports of drug use in prisons for people who received standard drug treatment, time-limited methadone treatment and methadone maintenance treatment. The setting for the study was the NSW prison system. One hundred and eighty-five injecting drug users who had been recently released from NSW prisons were recruited in 1993. Self-reported drug use and injecting risk behaviour were compared in inmates who received standard drug treatment (counselling), time-limited methadone treatment and methadone maintenance treatment. HIV status was determined by serology. Intervention comprised high and low dose methadone treatment and counselling. The groups were similar in terms of most basic demographic characteristics but subjects who had been maintained on methadone reported a significantly lower prevalence of heroin injection, syringe sharing and scored lower on an HIV Risk-taking Behavioural Scale than subjects who received standard drug treatment and time-limited methadone treatment. This study suggests that methadone treatment is associated with reduced injecting risk behaviour in prison with adequate (greater than 60 mg) dose and duration in treatment. These treatment conditions are known to increase effectiveness in community-based methadone programmes. Prospective studies are required to evaluate the effectiveness of methadone programmes in the prevention of HIV and other blood-borne viral infections among IDU prisoners.
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PMID:Methadone maintenance treatment reduces heroin injection in New South Wales prisons. 1620 80

To study the molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in Belarus, where the rapid spread of HIV-1 has been registered since 1996, we obtained HIV-1 sequences from 30 individuals living in five cities in both the main geographic areas of the epidemic (Gomel and Minsk regions) and territories where spreading of the epidemic remains limited (Grodno region). Analysis of env V3 and gag p17/p24 sequences demonstrated that infections in all 12 injecting drug users and 14 of 18 individuals infected through sexual contacts were caused by subtype A viruses that are specific for the epidemic in the former Soviet Union (IDU-A viruses), while the remaining four infections were caused by phylogenetically unrelated to each other subtype B viruses. Extrapolation of these results to the total population of HIV-1-infected individuals in Belarus allowed us to estimate that IDU-A viruses account for nearly 95% of HIV-1 infections in Belarus.
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PMID:The HIV type 1 epidemic in Belarus: predominance of Eastern European subtype A strains and circulation of subtype B viruses. 1621 9

Patients who were receiving or had received antiretroviral therapy (ART) participated in 45-minute telephone interviews to evaluate the importance of major treatment attributes. A Likert scale was used to quantify and rate the importance of 9 ART attributes. Trade-off exercises allowed participants to select a preferred hypothetical ART regimen from two options based on daily dosing and varied efficacy. Participants were asked to assume that all else about the medications was the same. A total of 387 patients were surveyed (72% male; 44% African American, 41% Hispanic; 28% with no high school diploma, 29% high school graduate, 25% college with no degree; 46% infected through men who have sex with men [MSM], 19% infected through injection drug use [IDU]). Efficacy attributes (lowering viral load, raising CD4, durability) were rated as "most important" or "very important" by significantly more patients than other attributes (resistance profile, appearance side effects, gastrointestinal side effects, dosing frequency, pill burden, cholesterol side effects). Similar results were seen for subgroups analyzed by gender, ethnicity, age, line of therapy, region, and route of infection. In the second set of questions, 92% of patients preferred more effective twice-daily regimens over less effective once-daily regimens, and 89% preferred more durable twice-daily regimens over less durable once-daily regimens. Results suggest that potency, immune improvement, and durability of ART regimens are more important to HIV patients than other attributes such as side effects, dosing frequency, or pill burden. These results, in conjunction with other studies, suggest that patients prioritize viral suppression, immune improvement, and regimen durability more highly than regimen convenience.
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PMID:The importance of potency and durability in HIV patient antiretroviral therapy preferences: a telephone survey. 1637 11

This study was undertaken to describe factors associated with exposure to the hepatitis B virus (HBV) in treated injection drug users to better aim prevention and care in high risk subgroups. The naturalistic study was conducted in Munich, Germany, and 1,018 patients who ever shared needles admitted for opioid detoxification were included. Sociodemographic, drug and drug treatment related variables and the virological status (HCV, HIV) were included in the bivariate and multiple logistic regression analysis. Sera were tested positive for antibodies against HBc in 40.2%, against HCV in 60.9%, and against HIV in 4.7% of patients. Older age, living without partner, longer duration of IDU, positive drug treatment history, imprisonment, emergency treatment, daily alcohol consumption, type of opioid dependency, and being positive for anti-HCV or anti-HIV were significant individual factors associated with positive anti-HBc-serology. Using multiple logistic regression history of imprisonment and being positive for anti-HCV remained independently associated with positive anti-HBc-serology. HBV-infection in IDUs should alert for simultaneous HCV-infection. Contacts to the criminal justice system are to be used for HBV prevention programs, including vaccination when indicated. Prevention programs should be implemented early in or even before the begin of a drug career.
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PMID:Factors associated with exposure to hepatitis B virus in injection drug users. 1648 Nov 28

The aim of the two year (2003-2005) study was to study the HIV prevalence among high risk behavior groups of persons with Herpes Zoster infection. For this purpose we have investigated the high risk group patients: 1257 prisoners (1st group), 1543 IDUs (2nd group) and 1350 persons including: homosexuals, persons with history of frequent unprotected sex and persons with hepatitis B and C (3rd group). We revealed the persons with current or previous history of Herpes Zoster, and studied HIV prevalence among them. Besides, we have studied the immune status of revealed HIV positive persons, relationship between disease (Herpes Zoster) severity and CD4 count. Herpes Zoster infection was diagnosed based on clinical symptoms, anamnesis and by detection of VZV specific IgM and IgG by ELISA. HIV infection was diagnosed by ELISA method and was confirmed by Western Blot. CD4 count was detected by immunophenotyping technique and was analyzed using a FACSCalibur flow cytometer. The total prevalence of HIV infection among high risk behavior group persons with Herpes Zoster infection was 18,9% (31 HIV cases out of 164). The disease (Herpes Zoster) severity and duration was associated with decreased rate of cellular immunity, CD4 count. Herpes Zoster has a positive predictive value for HIV infection, predominantly recurrent Herpes Zoster. Herpes Zoster should be recognized as a marker condition indicating the necessity of screening for HIV, especially in Georgia, the region where the problem of IDU exists.
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PMID:Hiv prevalence among high risk behavior group persons with herpes zoster infection. 1663 83

We compared sexual behaviors/partnerships and determined sexual risk correlates associated with HIV by gender among street-recruited drug users using chi-square tests and logistic regression. Men reported higher risk sexual behaviors, yet fewer high-risk sexual partners than women. After adjustment, HIV seropositive men were more likely than seronegatives to be older, MSM, use condoms, and have an HIV-infected partner. HIV seropositive women were more likely to be older, have an HIV-infected partner, and not use non-injected heroin. IDU was not associated with HIV. Prospective studies are needed to determine how gender-specific sexual behaviors/partnerships among drug users affect HIV acquisition.
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PMID:Gender differences in sexual behaviors, sexual partnerships, and HIV among drug users in New York City. 1667 23

All continents are affected by HIV at various degrees and the situation of Africa is certainly one of the most serious with HIV prevalence over 20% in Austral Africa, and accounting for half of all HIV cases in the world. Eastern Europe has been recently affected by HIV mainly among IDU. In Asia, the spread of epidemic on general population follows HIV transmission linked to drug use and commercial sex. Similar trends have been observed in Western Europe: relapse of safer sex among men wich have sex with men (MSM) with new HIV contamination, decrease of HIV transmission among drug users and increase of new HIV diagnosis among heterosexuals originating from countries with high prevalence of HIV/AIDS, notably sub-Saharan Africa. Since the introduction of potent anti-retroviral agents in 1996, the numbers of AIDS cases and mortality due to AIDS have sharply decreased in Western Europe. The number of new HIV diagnosis in 2004 is around 7 000 cases in France. The two mostly affected populations in 2003-2004 are homosexuals and sub-Saharan Africans. The harm reduction policies conducted has markedly reduced HIV transmission among injecting drug users.
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PMID:[Epidemiology of HIV infection in the world and in France]. 1677 75

A total of 125 strains collected in Azerbaijan between 1999 and 2002 from HIV seropositives were genetically classified. Of 84 strains classified using HMA, 91.6% were subtype A, 1.2% subtype B, and 7.1% untypeable. Of 41 strains analyzed using partial pol gene sequences, 90.2% were subtype A, 7.3% subtype B, and 2.4% CRF03_AB. Most sequenced A strains clustered with those circulating in countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU). Two of three sequenced B strains were from individuals who traveled to FSU clustering tightly with B strains from Nikolayev, Ukraine. CRF03_AB, characteristic of the 1996 epidemic in Kaliningrad, Russia, was sequenced from an individual who lived in Russia from 1995 until 2001. The HIV epidemic in Azerbaijan is concentrated in IDU and is closely connected to other such epidemics to the east based on genetics. Of the 41 sequenced strains, 95% were close genetic relatives of HIV strains in IDU networks in the FSU.
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PMID:Genetic forms of HIV Type 1 in the former Soviet Union dominate the epidemic in Azerbaijan. 1691 Aug 36

High-resolution HIV-1 genotyping of large sample sets is crucial to define the evolving and dynamic epidemics in Asia. Here we present MHAbce v.2, a multi-region hybridization assay that individually discriminates subtypes B, C, CRF01_AE, and virtually all of their described recombinants, based on real-time PCR using subtype-specific TaqMan probes in 8 regions throughout the viral genome. In a validation panel (n=70), the assay performed with a sensitivity of 95.7% and specificity of 99.8%. The assay was field-tested on samples from a retrospective MTCT cohort (n=180; Lampang Province, Northern Thailand; 1996-1998). 177/180 of the samples were typeable, and 94.4% were typed as CRF01_AE. The remaining strains represented even proportions of subtype B and B/CRF01_AE recombinants and were confirmed by sequencing, revealing early links between the heterosexual and IDU HIV-1 epidemics in Thailand. MHAbce v.2, with an area of application including China, India, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Rim, can be used to develop a comprehensive and detailed picture of this important component of the HIV/AIDS pandemic.
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PMID:Distinguishing molecular forms of HIV-1 in Asia with a high-throughput, fluorescent genotyping assay, MHAbce v.2. 1699 43

Aim of the study was to investigate serological markers of selected sexually and blood transmitted infections (HBV, HCV, CMV, and Treponema pallidum) in the group of pregnant women and in newborns of HIV-positive mothers in Slovakia. IgG antibodies to CMV were found in 78 of 97 women, from them in 6 of 7 HIV-positive and in 72 of 90 HIV-negative persons. Occurrence of HbsAg and HCV was significantly higher in the group of HIV-positive women (1/7 and 2/7) comparing to the HIV-negative one (4/90 and 0/92, respectively). Antibodies to T. pallidum were found only in one HIV-negative woman from 92 women tested. Five of seven children born to HIV-1 infected mothers were found HIV-1 negative, two children are still under control. Four of 7 newborns were found anti-CMV IgG positive. Although one woman, IDU, was confirmed HbsAg and anti-HCV positive, vertical transmission of HBV and HCV to her newborn was not observed by molecular-biological methods. Similarly, HCV antibodies were found in one more women and neither in her child HCV infection was confirmed. In no one of mother - child pair's antibodies to T. pallidum were observed. Due to these findings strong attention should be paid to health education and prophylaxis of mother to child HIV and other STIs transmission in Slovakia.
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PMID:Serological markers of selected sexually and blood transmitted infections in pregnant women and in newborns of HIV-positive mothers in the Slovak Republic. 1715 19


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