Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cryptococcosis, particularly cryptococcal meningitis (CM), has become an increasing problem globally in the AIDS era. In the present investigation we have made an effort for the first time to study Indian cases (100) both HIV-positive (23 cases, male, mostly Indian professional blood donors, PBDs') confirmed by an ELISA test and Western Blot but asymptomatic for CM and HIV-negative (77:49 male and 28 female) asymptomatic or symptomatic. These subjects were patients from the Lucknow hospitals admitted during the period between February, 1991 to February, 1994, for suspected cryptococcosis or CM. Of those cases, 10% were positive for cryptococcosis or CM. Meningoencephalitis was the dominant clinical manifestation in four (HIV-negative) cases of CM. CT scanning of the head of those cases revealed a noncommunicating hydrocephalus due to aqueductal stenosis (in 2 cases) and a communicating hydrocephalus with granuloma (by MRI) in another case. The latex agglutination test (LAT) of the sera was positive for Cryptococcus antigen in 6 (26%) of the (HIV-positive) patients and 4 (5%), of the HIV-negative cases. In the cases of CM, there was a lower antigen titre in CSF than in the pronase-treated sera. The LAT was found to be useful in diagnosis of cryptococcosis, especially in asymptomatic cases. The CSF of CM-positive cases revealed low levels of glucose, reduced cell count and high proteins. Among the HIV-negative cases, the onset of meningitis in 4 cases was preceded by the presence of encapsulated budding yeast cells in CSF India ink smear, or cryptococci in a direct urine smear in one case. The CSF culture of 3 cases was positive for mucoid Cryptococcus neoformans, showing brown colour effect (BCE) on Staib agar (syn. Guizotia abyssinica creatinine agar, bird seed agar). The isolated yeast strains were identified as C. neoformans var. neoformans by physiological tests. The pathogenicity test of strains revealed virulence to BALB/c mice evidenced by a high mortality of mice and significantly (p < 0.05) high CN burden (> 4-5 mean log(10) cfu), in the brain followed by other visceral organs (lung, liver, spleen, kidney and heart). The in-vitro susceptibility (MIC mu gmL(-1)) of strains.
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PMID:Cryptococcosis associated with HIV negative Indian patients and HIV positive Indian blood donors. 886 75

A girl with HIV infection acquired at birth by blood transfusion, was admitted at the age of 10 years for diplopia, vomiting, headache and papilledema. CT scan was negative. A lumbar puncture revealed clear CSF, protein 0.40 g/l, glucose 2 mmol/l, 5 mononuclear cells/mm3. The Indian ink preparation and the latex agglutination antigen test were positive for Cryptococcus n. Treatment with amphotericin B and flucytosine was started. After 10 days, since the in vitro susceptibility testing of the isolates showed resistence to both drugs, fluconazolo (400 mg/day) was started. Acetazolamide, furosemide and spironolactone were then added to the antifungal therapy for the persistence of severe intracranial hypertension. Diuretics were maintained for 10 weeks. The patient returned to school two and half months after the admission to the hospital. After 19 months, she is doing well and she is on maintenance of fluconazole (200 mg/day). We hypothesized that the increased intracranial pressure would be due to an impaired CSF reabsorption probably as a consequence of a direct cryptococcal infiltration of the villi.
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PMID:Intracranial hypertension and cryptococcal meningitis in a girl with AIDS. 887 56

Bioactivity-directed fractionation of a hot H2O extract from a blue-green alga Spirulina platensis led to the isolation of a novel sulfated polysaccharide named calcium spirulan (Ca-SP) as an antiviral principle. This polysaccharide was composed of rhamnose, ribose, mannose, fructose, galactose, xylose, glucose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, sulfate, and calcium. Ca-SP was found to inhibit the replication of several enveloped viruses, including Herpes simplex virus type 1, human cytomegalovirus, measles virus, mumps virus, influenza A virus, and HIV-1. It was revealed that Ca-SP selectively inhibited the penetration of virus into host cells. Retention of molecular conformation by chelation of calcium ion with sulfate groups was suggested to be indispensable to its antiviral effect.
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PMID:Calcium spirulan, an inhibitor of enveloped virus replication, from a blue-green alga Spirulina platensis. 898 58

Fifty AIDS patients were studied. All patients had anti-HIV antibodies (ELISA) present and met OPAS/Caracas punctuation criteria for AIDS cases in adults. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis included pressure, cytology (number of cytomorphological aspects), total protein and electrophoresis, glucose and chloride concentration. Bacteriological and mycological investigations were performed as well as agglutination tests for Cryptococcus. Complement fixation, indirect immunoflorescence, passive hemagglutination and/or ELISA tests were performed for syphilis, toxoplasmosis, viral and fungal infections. All CSF analysis were made in the same laboratory following the same methodology. CSF was altered in 45 cases (90.0%) of the 50 patients studied. The most important alterations observed were: gammaglobulin (55.5%) and total protein (51.1%) increase, hypercytosis (48.9%) and decrease of chloride concentration (40.0%). HIV antibodies were detected in 42 patients (93.3%). Toxomoplamosis, isolated or associated to other agents, was the most frequent opportunistic infection (57.7%). Cerebrospinal fluid should always be examined in AIDS patients with or without neurological symptoms.
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PMID:[Cerebrospinal fluid in 50 AIDS patients]. 898 80

After several years of latency, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) cause fatal disease in the cat. The aim of this study was to determine laboratory parameters characteristic of disease progression which would allow a better description of the asymptomatic phase and a better understanding of the pathogenesis of the two infections. Therefore, experimentally infected cats (FIV and/or FeLV positive) and control animals were observed over a period of 6.5 years under identical conditions. Blood samples were analyzed for the following: complete hematology, clinical chemistry, serum protein electrophoresis, and determination of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte subsets. The following hematological and clinical chemistry parameters were markedly changed in the FIV-infected animals from month 9 onwards: glucose, serum protein, gamma globulins, sodium, urea, phosphorus, lipase, cholesterol, and triglyceride. In FeLV infection, the markedly changed parameters were mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, aspartate aminotransferase, and urea. In contrast to reports of field studies, neither FIV-positive nor FeLV-positive animals developed persistent leukopenia, lymphopenia, or neutropenia. A significant decrease was found in the CD4+/CD8+ ratio in FIV-positive and FIV-FeLV-positive animals mainly due to loss of CD4+ lymphocytes. In FeLV-positive cats, both CD4+ and, to a lesser degree, CD8+ lymphocytes were decreased in long-term infection. The changes in FIV infection may reflect subclinical kidney dysfunction, changes in energy and lipid metabolism, and transient activation of the humoral immune response as described for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. The changes in FeLV infection may also reflect subclinical kidney dysfunction and, in addition, changes in erythrocyte and immune function of the animals. No severe clinical signs were observed in the FIV-positive cats, while FeLV had a severe influence on the life expectancy of persistently positive cats. In conclusion, several parameters of clinical chemistry and hematology were changed in FIV and FeLV infection. Monitoring of these parameters may prove useful for the evaluation of candidate FIV vaccines and antiretroviral drugs in cats. The many parallels between laboratory parameters in FIV and HIV infection further support the importance of FIV as a model for HIV.
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PMID:Parameters of disease progression in long-term experimental feline retrovirus (feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus) infections: hematology, clinical chemistry, and lymphocyte subsets. 900 78

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is required for normal host defense and functions importantly in cellular redox systems. To define the interrelationship between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and vitamin C flux at the cellular level, we analyzed vitamin C uptake and its effects on virus production and cellular proliferation in HIV-infected and uninfected human lymphoid, myeloid, and mononuclear phagocyte cell lines. Chronic or acute infection of these cell lines by HIV-1 led to increased expression of glucose transporter 1, associated with increased transport and accumulation of vitamin C. Infected cells also showed increased transport of glucose analogs. Exposure to vitamin C had a complex effect on cell proliferation and viral production. Low concentrations of vitamin C increased or decreased cell proliferation depending on the cell line and either had no effect or caused increased viral production. Exposure to high concentrations of vitamin C preferentially decreased the proliferation and survival of the HIV-infected cells and caused decreased viral production. These findings indicate that HIV infection in lymphocytic, monocytic, and myeloid cell lines leads to increased expression of glucose transporter 1 and consequent increased cellular vitamin C uptake. High concentrations of vitamin C were preferentially toxic to HIV-infected host defense cell lines in vitro.
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PMID:Increased uptake and accumulation of vitamin C in human immunodeficiency virus 1-infected hematopoietic cell lines. 903 96

Cryptococcosis is the commonest fungal infection of the CNS and it is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in immunodeficient patients [1]. It has been occasionally described in immunocompetent patients [2]. We report a patient with no predisposing factors who was treated with flucytosine and amphotericin B for cryptococcal meningitis. Following treatment, she developed a reversible acute cerebellar syndrome that was probably secondary to the administration of flucytosine, an adverse effect that has not previously been described [3, 4]. An 87-year old women with no relevant personal or family history was admitted to the hospital for headache, fever, and confusion over the past week. The vital signs, general and neurological examination were normal. In laboratory tests, the urine, urea nitrogen, glucose, bilirubin, electrolytes, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, alkaline phosphatase, haematocrit, white-cell count, and platelet were also normal. A lumbar puncture was performed which showed: 60 typical lymphocytes per ml, adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity 6 U.l-1 (normal under 4 U.l-1), proteins 75.7 mg.dl-1, and glucose 13 mg.dl-1 with a glycaemia of 120 mg.dl-1. The microbiology study showed staining and a positive culture for Cryptococcus neoformans, and an antigen titre of 1/2080. The serology for HIV infection was negative, and other predisposing factors for this fungal infection, such as immunological defects, a lymphoreticular malignancy and sarcoidosis were excluded. A CT scan of the cranial-thoracic-abdominal regions was normal and tumour markers were absent.
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PMID:Acute cerebellopathy as a probable toxic effect of flucytosine. 911 68

Previous reports have shown, using fluorescent probes conjugated to the organism, that Mycoplasma fermentans fuses with about 12% of peripheral blood lymphocytes. However, no lymphocyte subset was specified. To elucidate the specific subset of lymphocytes involved, we developed a three-color flow cytometric assay to detect M. fermentans binding to fresh peripheral blood cells. In our assay, two strains of M. fermentans were grown in SP4 glucose broth, mixed with fresh whole blood samples (n > 20), and incubated at 37 degrees C. The blood samples were then stained with a polyclonal antibody to M. fermentans, a monoclonal antibody to B-lymphocytes (CD19), and a monoclonal antibody to T-lymphocytes (CD3). Using three-color flow cytometry, we obtained data confirming binding of M. fermentans to 10%-15% of peripheral blood lymphocytes with minimal granulocyte or monocyte staining detected. Flow cytometric analysis showed that early binding appears predominantly directed towards B-lymphocytes (86.7 +/- 9.0%), and that this binding could not be blocked by antibodies directed towards common B lymphocyte cell surface antigens. M. fermentans binding to B-lymphocytes occurred within 5 min of in vitro inoculation, reached a maximum within 30-60 min (94-97%), and thereafter plateaued. The binding was concentration dependent over a three log dilution using 10(3) color changing units as standard. Binding to T-lymphocytes was minimal (<5% positive). B lineage tumor cells or peripheral blood B cells obtained from HIV infected individuals demonstrated reduced binding of M. fermentans. This assay provides a good method to study the cellular interactions of mycoplasma and may help to elucidate pathogenic mechanisms of mycoplasma infections.
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PMID:In vitro detection of Mycoplasma fermentans binding to B-lymphocytes in fresh peripheral blood using flow cytometry. 913 60

Magnesium (Mg) deficiency, commonly diagnosed as hypomagnesemia based upon low serum Mg concentrations, is a frequent electrolyte abnormality in critically ill patients. Intravenous replacement therapy is empiric and serum Mg concentrations have traditionally been used as guidelines for measuring efficacy. Recent studies have shown that the Mg content of mononuclear blood cells (MBCs) may provide a better index for Mg status than serum concentrations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of intravenous Mg replacement therapy on MBC Mg content and serum Mg concentrations in critically ill hypomagnesemic patients. Adult patients admitted to the trauma intensive-care unit (ICU) with serum Mg concentration < or = 0.6 mmol/L (< or = 1.5 mg/dL) were considered for study entry. Patients with severe renal disease (Scr > 133 mumol/L), pregnancy, or those who were seropositive for HIV were excluded. Ten patients with moderate (> 0.4-0.6 mmol/L [> 1.0-1.5 mg/dL]) and severe (< or = 0.4 mmol/L [< or = 1.0 mg/dL]) hypomagnesemia received 0.5 and 0.75 mmol/kg of intravenous MgSO4, respectively, over 24 h. MBC Mg content and serum concentrations of magnesium, phosphorus, calcium, sodium, potassium, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, glucose, and albumin were measured at baseline (0 h), end of infusion (24 h), 36 h, and 48 h. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with repeated measures and a P value < 0.05 was considered significant. Serum Mg concentrations increased significantly from baseline to 48 h (0.5 +/- 0.1 to 0.8 +/- 0.2 mmol/L, P < 0.001). MBC Mg content did not change significantly within the study period (2.6 +/- 1.0 to 3.0 +/- 1.3 fmol/cell, P > 0.7). The doses of MgSO4 (0.5-0.75 mmol/kg) used in this study increased serum Mg concentrations, but did not result in a statistically significant change of MBC Mg content in this group of trauma ICU patients.
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PMID:Mononuclear blood cell magnesium content and serum magnesium concentration in critically ill hypomagnesemic patients after replacement therapy. 917 93

Abnormalities in cerebral glucose metabolism have been demonstrated in patients with AIDS dementia complex (ADC), with increased consumption in early disease and decreased utilization in late stages. The basis of these changes is unknown. Accordingly, a pilot study was undertaken to determine whether levels of cerebral glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT3 were altered by HIV disease. Frontal gray and white matter membrane preparations from patients with HIV encephalitis (HIVE), HIV infection without parenchymal neuropathology, and non-infected controls were utilized in quantitative immunoblots to measure GLUT1 and GLUT3. Results were expressed as a ratio of glucose transporter to structural protein actin. Within-group patient variability was great, precluding statistically significant differences between groups for any one brain region. However, when data for gray and white matter was pooled, results obtained statistical significance, with levels of GLUT1 increasing in HIV infection without neuropathology, and declining with HIVE. Increased GLUT1 in HIV infection without parenchymal neuropathology may be important in the biology of increased glucose consumption described with early ADC. With progression to HIVE, reduced levels of glucose transporters may contribute to late stage hypometabolism.
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PMID:Cerebral glucose transporter expression in HIV infection. 925 88


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