Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Glucose oxidase and peroxidase (lactoperoxidase or myeloperoxidase) are virucidal to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in the presence of sodium iodide, as assessed by the loss of viral replication in a syncytium-forming assay or by the inhibition of cytopathic effects on infected cells. In the presence of low concentrations of sodium iodide, five HIV-1 isolates were equally susceptible to this virucidal system at enzyme concentrations of a few milliunits. The loss of viral replication was linearly related to the time of incubation in the enzyme solutions, with an inactivation rate of 1 log unit every 30 min. These enzymes and this halide were also cytotoxic to chronically infected, but not to uninfected, cultured CEM cells. Protein conjugates were prepared by using the enzymes and murine antibody 105.34, which recognized the V3 loop of HIV-1 LAI isolate surface glycoprotein, or recombinant human CD4. The protein conjugates inactivated free virus at rates similar to those of the free enzymes and were more effective than antibody or recombinant CD4 alone. These in vitro findings demonstrate that the peroxidase-H2O2-halide system provides potent virucidal activity against HIV-1.
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PMID:Virucidal effects of glucose oxidase and peroxidase or their protein conjugates on human immunodeficiency virus type 1. 838 38

One hundred and fifty-one patients intolerant to zidovudine (AZT) received didanosine (ddI) to a maximum dose of 12.5 mg/kg/day. Patient response was assessed using changes in CD4+ lymphocyte subset count, HIV p24 antigen, weight, and quality of life. Seventy patients developed major opportunistic infections whilst on therapy; this was the first AIDS diagnosis in 17. Only minor changes in CD4+ lymphocyte subset count were observed in AIDS patients, although a more significant rise occurred in those with earlier stages of disease. Of those positive for p24 antigen at the commencement of the study 67% showed a positive response, and this was most likely in those with CD4+ lymphocyte subset counts above 100 mm3. A positive weight response was seen in 16% of patients. Most patients showed improvement in individual parameters and global score of quality of life. Adverse reactions possibly attributable to didanosine were common. The most common side-effect was diarrhoea, which resulted in cessation of therapy in 19 individuals. Peripheral neuropathy occurred in 12 patients and pancreatitis in six. Thirteen patients developed a raised serum amylase without abdominal pain. Seven patients developed glucose tolerance curves characteristic of diabetes but these were mild, did not require treatment and returned to normal on ceasing didanosine.
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PMID:The use and toxicity of didanosine (ddI) in HIV antibody-positive individuals intolerant to zidovudine (AZT) 832 44

Dideoxyinosine (DDI) has been recently approved for the treatment of AIDS. In anticipation of its use in HIV-infected women during pregnancy, the transfer and metabolism of DDI by the perfused human placenta have been investigated. Transfer characteristics are those of simple diffusion: clearance is the same as that for L-glucose (transfer index of 0.98 +/- 0.09), it is equivalent in both directions across the placenta, and the transfer rate is proportional to the transplacental gradient over a very broad range (1 to 500 microM). Because of extensive placental metabolism, only about one-half of the cleared DDI (51 +/- 21%) is transferred intact to the fetal circulation. No dideoxyadenine triphosphate, the antiviral product of DDI, could be detected in the placenta following perfusion. Comparison of the pharmacological information on DDI and zidovudine (ZDV) indicates that treatment of HIV-infected women during pregnancy with DDI will expose the fetus to much less drug than if ZDV were used. DDI may therefore be less effective than ZDV in the treatment of the infected fetus. However, the uninfected fetus of an HIV-infected woman will gain by reduced exposure to a drug that is known to be toxic.
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PMID:Transfer and metabolism of dideoxyinosine by the perfused human placenta. 841 71

A 33-year-old woman with AIDS was treated with somatostatin (continuous infusion 6 mg/day) for intractable diarrhoea. Improvement was insufficient and the dose was increased to 12 mg/day 5 days later. Hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma occurred two days later (blood glucose 53 mmol/l, bicarbonate 8 mmol/l, pH of arterial blood 7.2). Search for urinary ketones was negative. Klebsiella pneumonia was isolated in the urine sample. Somatostatin was withdrawn and the patient improved with parenteral nutrition and intravenous insulin. Glucose tolerance was verified after recovery and was normal. Somatostatin is known to impair glucose tolerance and as shown in this case should also be recognized as a cause of hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma. Increasing use of somatostatin, particularly in HIV patients often given other hyperglycaemia inducing drugs such as didanosine, pentamidine, dapsone, and phenytoin should be accompanied with careful monitoring of blood glucose levels.
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PMID:[Nonketotic hyperglycemic coma induced by somatostatin in an AIDS patient]. 854 17

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the clinical and microbiological characteristics of parapneumonic effusions in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were different from those observed in patients without HIV infection. One hundred and thirty seven patients with parapneumonic effusions were included and divided into two groups depending on whether they had HIV infection or not. The parapneumonic effusion rate was significantly higher in HIV-positive than in noninfected patients (21 vs 13%). Their clinical course was more severe, presenting a higher rate of bacteraemias (58 vs 18%). Pleural fluid in patients infected with HIV had significantly lower glucose levels than that of patients without HIV infection. Chest tube drainage was more frequent in parapneumonic effusions of patients infected with HIV than in those without HIV infection (71 vs 44%). Staphylococcus aureus was the most common microorganism found in the bacteriological samples of patients with CAP infected with HIV (53 vs 12%). We conclude that patients with community-acquired pneumonia and HIV infection have a higher rate of parapneumonic effusions and a more severe clinical course than non-HIV patients, and that Staphylococcus aureus predominates in their bacteriological samples.
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PMID:Parapneumonic effusions secondary to community-acquired bacterial pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. 862 Sep 65

We report the case of a 28-year-old-prostitute from Thailand with HIV infection stage B2 associated with retroperitoneal lymph node tuberculosis. 6 days after the beginning of anti-tuberculous therapy (isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamid and ethambutol) the temperature rose to 40.5 degrees C, diarrhea, vomiting, and tachycardia developed and systolic blood pressure fell to 80 mm Hg. Liver function tests revealed acute hepatic failure (ALT 800 IU/l rising to 1500; serum bilirubin 89 mumol/l rising to 238.0; alkaline phosphatase 199 IU/l; glucose 1.8 mmol/l; prothrombin time 20%). Isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamid were replaced by streptomycin and PAS. A few days after withdrawal the liver profile returned to normal. Hours after the reintroduction of rifampicin total body erythema, pruritus, vomiting and severe hypotension developed, requiring saline methylprednisolone and epinephrine administration. The next reexposure to intravenous rifampicin produced a rash and was rapidly discontinued. Liver function tests remained normal. Later mild adverse reactions to streptomycin and pyrazinamid occurred, two drugs which had been well tolerated before. Subsequently the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency was established. After initiation of steroid replacement (50 mg prednisolone) the antituberculous therapy with isoniazid, pyrazinamid and ethambutol was well tolerated. We conclude that the shock in this HIV-infected patient was either due to severe anaphylaxis to rifampicin or acute adrenal insufficiency ensuing on this drug. The reversible fulminant acute hepatic failure represents either an adverse effect of antituberculous drugs, especially hepatotoxic interactions of drug combinations, or an ischemic liver injury during hypotension caused by anaphylaxis. The case illustrates the complex nature of side effects of antituberculous drugs in HIV patients and their aggravation by adrenal insufficiency.
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PMID:[Fulminant, rapidly reversible hepatitis and life-threatening anaphylaxis following rifampicin in an HIV-positive female patient with latent adrenal cortex insufficiency]. 864 39

The integrase of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been expressed in yeast in order to investigate its potential lethal effect mediated by DNA damage. To this end, we have constructed an expression plasmid containing the retroviral integrase gene under the control of the inducible promotor ADH2/GAPDH which is regulated by the glucose concentration of the medium. Haploid yeast strain W303-1A did not appear to be clearly sensitive to HIV-1 integrase expression. However, disruption of the RAD 52 gene, which is involved in the repair of double-strand DNA breaks, strongly increased the deleterious effects of the retroviral enzyme in this yeast strain. The diploid strain constructed with W303-1A and an isogenic strain of the opposite mating type also showed a strong sensitivity to the HIV-1 integrase. Under yeast culture conditions allowing moderate integrase synthesis, the deleterious effect was totally abolished by missense integrase mutations, which are known to abolish HIV-1 integrase activities in vitro. We conclude that the lethal phenotype due to HIV-1 integrase expression in yeast may be closely related to the HIV-1 integration reaction in infected human cells, and that yeast may be a useful tool to study the HIV-1 integration process and to screen drugs capable of inhibiting HIV-1 integration in vivo.
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PMID:Expression of functional HIV-1 integrase in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae leads to the emergence of a lethal phenotype: potential use for inhibitor screening. 866 88

I.v. pentamidine is well known to cause severe multiorgan adverse effects and is usually given to hospitalized patients under close monitoring. The primary purpose of this retrospective quality assurance study is to assess the safety of administering i.v. pentamidine in the medical daycare unit (MDCU) for outpatients. Thirty-five outpatients infected with the HIV made 306 visits to the MDCU from January 1991 to December 1993. They received i.v. pentamidine in a dosage of either 300 mg once a month for prophylaxis or 4 mg/kg/d 5 days a week for treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). BP was monitored every 15 to 30 min over 3 to 4 h and clinical side effects were noted. CBC count, BUN, creatinine, amylase, and blood glucose values were taken twice a week. The records were reviewed retrospectively and analyzed for clinical and biochemical derangement. GI side effects occurred in 59 of 306 (19%) visits; 43 (73%) of the side effects were nausea. Routine normal saline solution boluses before and after pentamidine infusion prevented the drop in BP and actually significantly elevated BP after i.v. pentamidine. The most common biochemical derangement was elevated BUN level in eight patients and creatinine in nine patients, but they were mild and required no intervention. Significant neutropenia occurred in three, anemia in two, hyponatremia in two, hyperamylasemia in two, and hyperglycemia in two patients. No palpitation or irregular pulse was encountered. No death was associated with the administration of i.v. pentamidine. Three patients required hospital admission. Only one hospital admission was definitely related to adverse drug effects. In conclusion, the side effects of i.v. pentamidine are common but minor. We conclude that it is safe to administer i.v. pentamidine in carefully selected patients with appropriate monitoring in an ambulatory setting. This has a major health economic implication, because ambulatory i.v. pentamidine can result in significant cost savings and can also enhance quality of life. Further studies regarding the feasibility of home administration of i.v. pentamidine is warranted as even further cost savings and improvement in the quality of life of HIV-infected patients may be achieved.
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PMID:The safety of i.v. pentamidine administered in an ambulatory setting. 868 17

A clone obtained from a differential display screen for cellular genes with altered expression during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection matched the sequence for the human GLUT3 facilitative glucose transporter, a high-velocity-high-affinity facilitative transporter commonly expressed in neurons of the central nervous system. Northern (RNA) analysis showed that GLUT3 expression increased during infection. Flow cytometry showed that GLUT3 protein expression increased specifically in the HIV-infected cells; this increase correlated with increased 2-deoxyglucose transport in the HIV-infected culture. HIV infection therefore leads to increased expression of a glucose transporter normally expressed at high levels in other cell types and a corresponding increase in glucose transport activity. If HIV infection places increased metabolic demands on the host cell, changes in the expression of a cellular gene that plays an important role in cellular metabolism might provide a more favorable environment for viral replication.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of H9 cells induces increased glucose transporter expression. 879 82

In order to determine the clinical significance of mixed oropharyngeal candidiasis (Candida albicans plus a non-albicans strain of Candida) in patients infected with HIV-1, a retrospective chart review was done in 12 HIV-1-infected patients with a clinical episode of oropharyngeal candidiasis, in whom a mixed culture of Candida albicans (found to be fluconazole-sensitive) plus a non-albicans species of Candida was obtained from their oral cavities. This group was compared with 26 HIV-positive patients (control group) with oropharyngeal candidiasis due to Candida albicans (found to be fluconazole-sensitive). Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed by a broth microdilution test with RPMI-2% glucose. A fungal strain was considered fluconazole-sensitive if its MIC was < 0.5 micrograms/ml. Both the study and control groups had similar clinical and demographic characteristics. All the patients were severely immunocompromised, with a mean CD4+ lymphocyte count of 63/mm3 (95% CI 41-84) and 80/mm3 (95% CI 25-135) in the study and control groups, respectively. In the study group, seven patients had Candida albicans and Candida krusei in their oral cavity, four had Candida albicans and Candida glabrata, and one had Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. Antifungal therapy consisted of ketoconazole (5 patients in the study group, 14 in the control group) or fluconazole (7 patients in the study group, 12 in the control group); no statistically significant difference in clinical outcome was observed. Fungal strain persistence after therapy was frequently observed in both groups. It is concluded that non-albicans strains of Candida, less sensitive to azole drugs than their Candida albicans counterparts, are not clinically relevant in episodes of mixed oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-1-infected patients.
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PMID:Mixed oropharyngeal candidiasis due to Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida strains in HIV-infected patients. 883 37


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