Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cocaine and CMV each have been suggested to promote the progression of HIV-1 infection. In the present study, the interaction of cocaine and CMV was investigated in a PBMC coculture assay in which release of HIV-1 p24 Ag into coculture supernatants was used as an index of HIV-1 replication. CMV was an effective activation signal for HIV-1 replication when PBMC from CMV-seropositive donors were used in the coculture assay, and cocaine markedly increased replication of HIV-1 in these cocultures. The synergistic activity of cocaine was reduced by neutralizing antibodies to TNF-alpha and by pentoxifylline, an inhibitor of TNF-alpha mRNA production. Also, antibodies to transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) eliminated the amplifying effect of cocaine on HIV-1 replication, whereas antibodies to IL-6 were inactive. The potentiating effect of cocaine could be reproduced by addition of rTNF-alpha or rTGF-beta to the cocultures of CMV-activated PBMC, although TGF-beta was substantially more potent than TNF-alpha. The possibility that TNF-alpha may act indirectly through stimulation of TGF-beta was suggested by the finding of reduced TGF-beta levels in culture supernatants of PBMC that were treated with CMV and cocaine in the presence of antibodies to TNF-alpha. Thus, cocaine amplifies HIV-1 replication in cocultures containing CMV-activated PBMC via a mechanism that appears to involve both TNF-alpha and TGF-beta. The results of this study support the possibility that cocaine and CMV could enhance HIV-1 replication and, thus, aggravate HIV-1-related disease.
 ...
PMID:Cocaine amplifies HIV-1 replication in cytomegalovirus-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell cocultures. 132 Jun 43

Data are analyzed from the Multicenter Study of Crack Cocaine and HIV Infection in Miami, Florida, examining interrelationships among use of crack cocaine, use of other drugs, sexual activity, and exchange of sex for money and drugs. This study was designed to recruit two groups of approximately equal size: persons who reported current use of crack cocaine three or more times per week, and those who had never used crack. Participants (N = 641) were recruited in Miami. Participants' median age for first use of crack cocaine was higher than for use of alcohol, marijuana or powdered cocaine. It was also higher than participants' ages at first sexual activity, and somewhat higher than the median age for reporting initiation of trading sex for money or drugs. The median age of first crack use was lower among younger participants, suggesting that crack use in older participants followed quickly upon availability of the drug. Crack users reported reduced desire for sex and diminished ability to have sex after smoking crack. However, crack use was associated with increased sexual activity, trading sex for money or drugs, and sex with multiple partners. Participants who traded sex for money or drugs (traders) reported higher rates of condom use than nontraders; however, neither traders nor nontraders reported rates of condom use sufficient to substantially reduce the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV infection.
 ...
PMID:Crack cocaine use and sexual activity in Miami, Florida. 149 Dec 86

We examined the relationship of HIV serostatus to drug use profile, high risk behavior, drug treatment status, and demographic characteristics of 505 intravenous drug users (IVDUs) in San Francisco. We found five identifiable drug-injection profiles described as Omnijector, Primarily Heroin, Primarily Heroin/Cocaine, Primarily Cocaine, and Primarily Speed which fell into "higher risk" and "lower risk" categories in relation to HIV seroprevalence of members (17.0 and 9.8%), respectively. This difference was not significant when effects of race were held constant (adjusted OR = 1.66, 95% CI = 0.91, 3.01). In logistic regression analysis, only Black race and age under 30 were significant predictors of HIV seropositivity (OR = 2.95, 95% CI = 1.57, 5.52 and OR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.01, 4.13, respectively). Neither membership in higher risk profile nor frequency of injection (including daily or greater injection of cocaine) contributed to the model. We conclude that Black IVDUs under 30 are at greatest risk of HIV infection, that multiple patterns of drug use injection and habituation require additional resources to treat, and that the heterogeneous distribution of HIV weakens the predictive power of known behavioral risk factors in this population.
 ...
PMID:Drug-use profiles, race, age, and risk of HIV infection among intravenous drug users in San Francisco. 178 19

The association between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositivity and a history of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), evidence of STDs on physical examination, and sexual and drug use practices was studied in a population of 2921 intravenous drug users (IVDUs) in Baltimore during 1988 and 1989. Overall, 24.1% were HIV-seropositive at baseline, and 60% reported a history of an STD. A significant association was found between HIV seropositivity and a history of syphilis (P = .04); both were more frequent among homosexual/bisexual men than among heterosexual IVDUs. In multivariate analysis, a history of syphilis was independently associated with HIV seroprevalence in homosexual/bisexual male IVDUs, of whom 90% reported a history of sexual intercourse with women. Cocaine injection was independently associated with HIV seropositivity but not a history of syphilis on multivariate analysis. STDs, indicative of unsafe sex practices, are common in this population; efforts are needed to prevent sexual transmission of HIV infection among IVDUs and their sex partners.
 ...
PMID:Sexually transmitted diseases in a population of intravenous drug users: association with seropositivity to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). 186 36

Cocaine use is an important high risk behavior in the AIDS epidemic. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that cocaine potentiates the replication of HIV-1 in human PBMC. A coculture system was used in which PBMC from healthy donors were incubated in the absence (control) or presence of cocaine before activation with PHA. Cocultures were then constituted with PBMC infected with a clinical isolate of HIV-1. HIV-1 replication, which was assessed by the measurement of HIV-1 p24 antigen levels in coculture supernatants, was significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner by cocaine with maximal stimulation at a concentration of 10(-9) M (965 +/- 196 vs 303 +/- 80 pg p24 Ag/ml in control cocultures). Antibodies to transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) blocked cocaine-enhanced HIV-1 replication and purified TGF-beta stimulated viral replication in a manner similar to that observed with cocaine. Augmentation of HIV-1 replication by TGF-beta was maximal at a concentration of 0.01 ng/ml; however, viral proliferation appeared to be inhibited by concentrations of TGF-beta of 1 ng/ml or greater. Taken together, these results indicate that cocaine augments the replication of HIV-1 in PHA-activated PBMC via a mechanism that appears to involve TGF-beta.
 ...
PMID:Cocaine potentiates HIV-1 replication in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell cocultures. Involvement of transforming growth factor-beta. 198 54

Abscess formation at the site of drug injection is the commonest infectious complication in drug addicts. This study characterizes the clinical presentation of the condition, its current microbiology, and treatment outcome. All patients presenting for treatment of soft tissue abscesses associated with parenteral drug abuse over a 21-month period were studied. Sixty-six patients with 70 subcutaneous abscesses after injection of cocaine (85%), heroin (5%), or unreported drugs (10%) were identified. Only 42% were febrile (T > 37.5 degrees C), 54 percent had leukocytosis, and 47 percent had wound fluctuance. Wound cultures (243 isolates in 57 patients) grew predominately anaerobes (143 isolates) and facultative gram-positive cocci (88 isolates). Twenty-six blood cultures were obtained, and five (19%) were positive, two with the same bacteria isolated from the wound. Of the patients tested, 29 percent were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen and 9 percent for HIV. Simple incision and drainage was effective in all cases. Classical signs and symptoms of infection and abscess formation may be absent in this patient population. Many of these patients carry other blood-borne infections which the health professional must guard against. Cocaine injection, and "mixed" aerobic-anaerobic infections predominated, in contrast to earlier reports, when narcotics and aerobes predominated. Simple incision and drainage is adequate treatment; antibiotics, when given, should cover gram-positive and anaerobic bacteria; gram-negative coverage is unnecessary.
 ...
PMID:Soft tissue abscesses associated with parenteral drug abuse: presentation, microbiology, and treatment. 748 58

Interviews were conducted with 582 intravenous (IV) drug users aged 16-55 (85.9% of whom were male) living in Toronto, Canada, so researchers could examine the biographic and predispositional determinants of HIV preventive behaviors: equipment sharing (not receiving and not giving) and condom use (with regular partners, casual partners, and sex clients). This study was part of an evaluation of one of Canada's first HIV prevention programs for IV drug users, which included education, counseling, needle and syringe exchange, and an environmental campaign to Keep the Needles Off the Street. Cocaine was the most commonly abused drug (95.4%) in the last six months. Condom use was highest with sex clients (53.1%), followed by regular partner (43.1%) and casual partner (30.8%). The researchers had adopted a two-stage sequential approach for a logistic regression analysis. They first applied biographical and drug use variables to model each of the preventive behaviors. They then included the behavioral predisposition factors in a second set of models. Younger IV drug users were more likely to practice safer sex and safer needle use than older IV drug users. IV drug users who had been in prison were more likely to use condoms with sex clients and not to give used equipment to others. Among all substance types, only heroin and barbiturate use were linked to sexual risk. The predisposition to reject equipment sharing related to safe injecting and condom use, while the predisposition to accept safer sex only related to condom use, suggesting that the mechanisms for behavior change associated with safer sex and equipment sharing may vary. Needle exchange programs exist for IV drug users and focus only on the individual. These findings suggest that these programs appear to be ineffectual. Improvement of targeting and prevention strategies, including creation of a social environment conducive to change, is needed.
 ...
PMID:A comparison of the determinants of safe injecting and condom use among injecting drug users. 770 15

In a survey of 424 intravenous drug users (IVDUs) of whom 107 were currently enrolled in a methadone maintenance program (MMP), we assessed risk behaviors for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) transmission and conducted HIV testing. We found that African Americans were over-represented in the HIV infected group and under-represented in the methadone maintenance treatment group. Furthermore, subjects in current methadone maintenance treatment reported fewer drug injections in the last 30 days, a reduced speedball (a heroin/cocaine mixture) injection frequency and reduced total cocaine and injected cocaine use. HIV infected subjects reported 20% more cocaine use and injected cocaine use than HIV negatives. However, this difference was due to African Americans reporting more cocaine use and at the same time being over-represented in the HIV infected group. Stratified analysis by ethnicity found significant MMP effects for all ethnic groups, but only one significant HIV status effect, and this was limited to African Americans. Cocaine injection frequency in African Americans was significantly higher for the HIV infected versus non-infected subjects. We conclude that i.v. cocaine use is a risk factor associated with HIV infection and that methadone maintenance treatment is associated with reducing this risk factor. Furthermore, African American cocaine users are at great risk for HIV infection, and increased efforts for engagement in treatment are necessary.
 ...
PMID:HIV infection and cocaine use in methadone maintained and untreated intravenous drug users. 785 Dec 77

Cocaine is reported to be immunotoxic. The biochemical mechanisms responsible for the immunopharmacological outcomes of cocaine in vivo and in vitro remain, however, to be fully elucidated. Our experimental data confirm that exposure of normal human T cells to micromolar concentrations of cocaine modulates T-cell responses to stimulation by a variety of stimuli, and indicate that cocaine impairs early activation events during CD4+ but not CD4- T-cell stimulation. Pre-incubation of enriched CD4+ T-cell subpopulations that express the homing receptor CD62L with nanomolar concentrations of the endogenous opioid peptide beta-endorphin leads to a more severe impairment of activation than that noted following pre-incubation with micromolar concentrations of cocaine alone. These findings begin to elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanisms of the immunopathology of cocaine. Our data support the proposition that cocaine abuse may place cocaine-abuser HIV-seropositive individuals at increased risk of opportunistic infections.
 ...
PMID:Cocaine blunts human CD4+ cell activation. 785 54

The association between cocaine use (crack and injection cocaine) and risky behaviors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was investigated among participants in a multi-site study at drug treatment and non-drug treatment sites in Worcester, Massachusetts. Cocaine use was more prevalent among young, African-American men. Compared to heroin injectors cocaine injectors had higher risk injection and sexual behaviors. Among non-injectors, crack users were more likely to have multiple partners and receive money or drugs for sex. Cocaine use, either injected or smoked as crack, should be considered a high risk behavior for HIV infection.
 ...
PMID:Cocaine use and risky injection and sexual behaviors. 788 75


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>