Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The purpose of this study was to (1) profile demographic and other characteristics of two age groups, younger aged 30 to 39 (N = 643), and older aged 40 to 49 (N = 395), (2) examine and identify differences in lifetime drug use patterns and age of drug use initiation, (3) examine HIV risk behaviors: drug use and sexual practices, (4) compare drug user treatment utilization between the two age groups, and (5) examine barriers to drug is treatment utilization by gender. The study sample (N = 1038) was drawn from individuals recruited into the NIDA Cooperative Agreement in Kentucky. The median age in the study sample was 38, the majority were male (72%), and African-American (81%). Results indicate that older subjects initiated drug use at a later age than younger subjects. Compared to the younger age group, significantly more subjects in the older group reported having ever used any of the 10 drugs examined. Injection drug use patterns and lifetime sex exchange practices were more prevalent in the older age group. Older subjects also were more likely to utilize drug user treatment, specifically methadone maintenance treatment. When barriers to drug user treatment were examined, significantly more women than men did not qualify for treatment, and they did not have enough money for treatment. Implications for interventions are discussed.
 ...
PMID:Age differences in HIV risk behaviors and drug treatment utilization among drug users in Kentucky. 1169 15

A novel series of 1-[2-(diarylmethoxy)ethyl]-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole (DAMNI) analogues were synthesized and tested in cell-based assays and in enzyme assays against HIV-1 recombinant reverse transcriptase (RT). Preparation of the new derivatives was performed by reacting the appropriate benzhydrols or the corresponding bromides with 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole or the 3-hydroxypropyl homologue. Several compounds showed anti-HIV-1 activity in the submicromolar range. Structure-activity relationship studies suggested that meta substitution at one phenyl ring of the diarylmethane moiety strongly influences the antiviral activity. The 3,5-disubstitution at the same phenyl ring led to less potent derivatives. Molecular modeling and docking studies within the RT non-nucleoside binding site confirmed that DAMNIs, similar to other NNRTIs such as TNK-651 and delavirdine (BHAP U90152), assume a butterfly-like conformation that appears to be halfway between that of classical NNRTIs, such as nevirapine, HEPT, TBZ, TIBO, and DABOs, and the conformation of BHAPs. In particular, the diphenylmethane moiety mimics the wings whereas the 1-(2-methyl-5-nitroimidazolyl)ethane portion resembles the BHAP 5-methanesulfonamidoindole-2-carbonylpiperazine portion.
 ...
PMID:Synthesis, biological evaluation, and binding mode of novel 1-[2-(diarylmethoxy)ethyl]-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazoles targeted at the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. 1193 11

Wet preparation has limited sensitivity for diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) infection. An observational study of 337 women was conducted to evaluate a new polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for TV. The sensitivities of wet preparation and TV culture were 52% (95% confidence interval [CI], 41-62) and 78% (95% CI, 69-86), respectively. TV PCR had a sensitivity of 84% (95% CI, 75-90) and a specificity of 94% (95% CI, 90-97). Metronidazole was provided to 67 (69%) of 97 women with TV because of TV on wet preparation, exposure to TV, or a diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis or pelvic inflammatory disease; however, if TV PCR had been used for diagnosis, 81 (84%) of 97 women with TV would have been treated (P=.02). TV is significantly undertreated using standard algorithms for metronidazole therapy. Given the association of trichomoniasis with perinatal morbidity and HIV transmission, women in high-risk groups may benefit from TV PCR.
 ...
PMID:Trichomonas vaginalis polymerase chain reaction compared with standard diagnostic and therapeutic protocols for detection and treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis. 1217 32

HIV-related behaviors are reported in three groups of Hispanic prostitutes recruited in the US: 77 Dominicans recruited in the Washington Heights/Inwood section of New York City; 151 Mexicans recruited in El Paso, Texas; and 48 Puerto Ricans recruited in East Harlem, New York City, during 1989-91 in streets and brothels. Ethnographic interviews were conducted with a subsample of subjects (10 Puerto Ricans, 20 Mexicans, and 20 Dominicans) to examine the cultural meaning of risk behaviors. Structured interviews based on the NIDA AIDS Initial Assessment were conducted with the subjects to describe demographic characteristics and summarize levels of risk behaviors. Qualitative data showed that for the Mexican women in El Paso poverty, violence, drug dealing and transport, tourist clients, and an environment of illegality were the realities more than for the Dominican and Puerto Rican prostitutes. The Dominican sample in New York City transported to their new environment strong family values and proscriptions against drug use as well as prostitution in brothels on account of poverty-related motivations for the support of their children. The Puerto Rican women reflected acculturation evolved in two locations, as well as illicit drugs, violence, and abuse. 92% of the Dominican women, 71% of the Mexican women, and only 25% of the Puerto Rican women were born in their native countries. Only 10% of the Puerto Ricans, 36% of the Mexicans, and 53% of the Dominicans always used condoms. 58% of the Puerto Ricans, 21% of the Mexicans, and 13% of the Dominicans reported ever having a sexually transmitted disease (p 0.001). Of those tested by the project, only 2% of the Mexicans vs. 8% of the Dominicans were HIV positive. Among drug-addicted Puerto Ricans, the HIV seroprevalence rate was 40-50%. 79% of the Puerto Rican prostitutes were sex partners of iv drug users. For effective prevention, cultural diversity must be taken into account.
 ...
PMID:Dominican, Mexican, and Puerto Rican prostitutes: drug use and sexual behaviors. 1229 62

A community-based HIV intervention for African-American women who are active injection drug users (IDUs) was evaluated. Seventy-one women (aged 20-54 years) were randomly assigned to one of two enhanced gender- and culturally specific intervention conditions or to the NIDA standard condition. Substantial decreases (p<.001) were found in the frequency of drug use and the frequency of drug injection as well as in the sharing of injection works or water and the number of injections. Trading sex for drugs or money, having sex while high, as well as other sexual risk behaviors were also reduced significantly. Furthermore, women in both enhanced intervention conditions were more likely to reduce their drug-using and sexual risk behaviors than were women in the standard condition. Results indicate the value of including additional components in interventions designed to reduce the risk of infection with HIV among women who inject drugs.
 ...
PMID:HIV risk reduction among African-American women who inject drugs: a randomized controlled trial. 1453 92

A number of studies have examined HIV risk behaviors in prisoner populations, but relatively few have examined such behaviors in probationer populations. Since probationers have more opportunities to engage in risk behaviors than do prisoners, the potential importance of HIV interventions with probationers becomes readily apparent. This article examines a sample representative of the supervised probationer population in Delaware. The sample respondents received a baseline interview, then were randomly selected to receive either an enhanced version of NIDA standard HIV Intervention or a Focused Intervention based on a cognitive thought-mapping model. Intervention boosters were offered at two follow-up intervals in the following three months, and respondents were reinterviewed at six months. The data at baseline suggest that probationers in Delaware have levels of injection drug use, other serious drug use, and rates of risky sexual behaviors that approach those observed in prison populations. The interventions' effectiveness in changing attitudes and behaviors at the six-month interview was then examined. The data support the conclusion that brief interventions can significantly impact both drug use and sexual risk behaviors among probationers. However, there do not appear to be significant improvements for those receiving the more intensive Focused Intervention, as compared to those who receive the enhanced Standard Intervention. Further work will consider what components in programs and characteristics in clients should be considered in selecting the most appropriate interventions for probationers.
 ...
PMID:HIV/AIDS among probationers: an assessment of risk and results from a brief intervention. 1498 72

HIV infection and HIV risk behaviors are primarily considered to be urban problems. However, rural areas are also experiencing HIV. Because the criminal justice system has a disproportionate number of persons at high risk for HIV, rural probationers were targeted. This article (1) describes an intervention designed to change the high-risk drug use and sexual behaviors of rural residents on probation; and (2) presents information on 200 rural probationers who entered a project to reduce drug use and risky sex. After informed consent was obtained, participants were randomly assigned to either the NIDA standard HIV intervention or a "rural-focused" HIV intervention that incorporates the NIDA intervention as well as thought mapping and structured stories. The rural focused intervention is grounded in the Stages of Change theory and motivational interviewing. Initial findings indicate that participants reported high levels of lifetime illicit drug use and risky sexual behaviors. Participants also reported limited knowledge about protection from HIV and hepatitis. These findings suggest that the project is reaching a group of rural residents who engage in high-risk drug and sexual behaviors.
 ...
PMID:HIV prevention among high-risk and hard-to-reach rural residents. 1498 71

Trichomonas vaginalis was originally considered a commensal organism until the 1950s when the understanding of its role as a sexually transmitted infection (STI) began to evolve. Trichomoniasis has been associated with vaginitis, cervicitis, urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and adverse birth outcomes. Infection with T vaginalis could have an important role in transmission and acquisition of HIV. T vaginalis is site specific for the genitourinary tract and has been isolated from virtually all genitourinary structures. Asymptomatic disease is common in both men and women, thus screening for disease is important. Various sociodemographic factors have been correlated with presence of T vaginalis, and may be used to predict infection. Diagnosis is usually made from wet mount microscopy and direct visualisation, which are insensitive. DNA amplification techniques perform with good sensitivity, but are not yet approved for diagnostic purposes. In areas where diagnostic methods are limited, management of trichomoniasis is usually as part of a clinical syndrome; vaginal discharge for women and urethral discharge for men. A single dose of metronidazole is effective in the majority of cases. Outside of the United States, other nitroimidazoles may be used and are as effective as metronidazole. Metronidazole resistance is an emerging problem, but its clinical importance is not yet clear. Concomitant treatment of sexual partners is recommended.
 ...
PMID:Trichomoniasis: clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management. 1580 Jan 3

This paper examines medical and psychiatric symptoms and disorders associated with reported HIV serostatus among methamphetamine-dependent, treatment-seeking men who have sex with men (MSM) in Los Angeles. Baseline data from a NIDA-funded, randomized clinical trial of behavioral drug abuse therapies included medical examinations and behavioral interviews of the 162 randomized participants. Variables identified as significantly associated with HIV infection were entered into a multivariate, hierarchical logistic regression analysis to optimally predict HIV serostatus. The disturbingly high 61% of the sample with reported HIV-seropositive status represents 3-4 times the prevalence for all MSM in Los Angeles County. HIV infection status strongly associated with prior treatment for methamphetamine dependence; unprotected receptive anal intercourse; history of sexually transmitted infections; and health insurance status. Findings demonstrate the powerful connection between methamphetamine dependence and HIV infection, and strongly suggest a need for development of interventions that function as both substance abuse treatment and HIV prevention for this population.
 ...
PMID:HIV-associated medical, behavioral, and psychiatric characteristics of treatment-seeking, methamphetamine-dependent men who have sex with men. 1618 88

This study tested whether having racially and gender-matched counsellors for HIV Post-test counselling were preferred. In the NIDA-funded EachOneTeachOne study, 115 African American respondents (19-68) were asked would they rather talk to someone of the same sex and race. Forty-three percent of the counsellor-respondent pairs were race concordant, and 58% were gender concordant. Chi-square statistics examined effects of gender, race and match. Out of those who desired a gender-match, 89% were men compared to 11% of women. Only 9% of African-Americans reported that they would feel more comfortable talking to an African-American counsellor. The sample size dropped due to non-response of the matching reference questions. Among the 39 race-counsellor concordant respondents (n=98), 23% expressed a preference for a race matched counsellor while no one with a race discordant counsellor expressed such a preference. Among the 56 respondents with a gender concordant counsellor (n=102), 27% said they would prefer a gender matched counsellor in the future; only 7% of those with a gender discordant counsellor expressed such as preference. Previously matched respondents were more likely to desire matched counsellors, but the majority still did not. Assumptions that race and gender matching are imperative are not supported by these findings.
 ...
PMID:Gender and race matching preferences for HIV post-test counselling in an African-American sample. 1628 76


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Next >>