Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To assess the efficacy and safety of ribavirin in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection a multicentre, placebo-controlled, prospectively randomised trial was conducted in CDC group III HIV-infected individuals between February, 1988, and October, 1989. Mean treatment time was 39 weeks (range 6-52); 152 individuals were enrolled, of whom 133 could be evaluated. The two treatment groups were similar at baseline and 66% of all subjects had intravenous drug abuse as the main risk factor for HIV infection. Ribavirin was given at a dose of 15 mg/kg daily by mouth (average daily dose 1000 mg). 9 of 67 patients in the placebo group (13.4%) progressed to CDC Groups IVA, C1, or D vs 6 of 66 (9%) in the ribavirin group. Progressions to group IVC2 were 7 (10.4%) and 9 (13.6%), respectively. These differences are not statistically significant. There were no clinically or statistically significant differences in CD4 cell counts, total lymphocytes, total white cells, or CD4/CD8 ratios between the two groups during treatment, and no clinically important side-effects were noted.
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PMID:Comparison of ribavirin and placebo in CDC group III human immunodeficiency virus infection. Spanish Ribavirin Trial Group. 167 12

The current epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) poses a major threat to our population. Urgently needed are both a vaccine to prevent infection with the etiologic retrovirus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and safe, effective antiviral agents to treat those individuals already infected. The elucidation of viral replicative mechanisms has allowed the development and testing of several agents active against HIV in vitro. Inhibitors of reverse transcriptase that have demonstrated activity include azidothymidine, phosphonoformate, antimoniotungstate (HPA-23), and suramin. Ribavirin and recombinant interferon alpha-A (IFN-alpha-A) also inhibit HIV replication, although their mechanisms of action are less clear. All of these compounds are undergoing early clinical trials in patients with HIV infection. The identification of immunogenic viral proteins may allow the development of one or more subunit vaccines against HIV. Studies are underway to clone appropriate viral genes and incorporate the expressed proteins into vectors for administration. Laboratory models, e.g., chimpanzees, will be inoculated with candidate vaccines and, if successful, this will be followed by clinical trials for safety and efficacy in appropriate human populations seronegative for HIV. Although important problems, such as virus envelope protein variability, need to be addressed, efforts to develop effective vaccines may well prove successful in the years ahead.
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PMID:Prospects for the prevention and therapy of infections with the human immunodeficiency virus. 354 Nov 31

Eleven pediatric patients, aged 1 to 10 years and with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection, were treated with 6 or 10 mg of oral ribavirin per kg of body weight daily for 60 days. Safety and pharmacokinetic parameters were monitored; five children had comprehensive pharmacokinetic evaluations. The children tolerated the drug well, and treatment was not associated with any clinically significant adverse effects. Peak concentrations in plasma of 2.5 and 3.0 microM were reached at 90 min after single oral doses of 6 and 10 mg/kg, respectively. The mean systemic availability of oral ribavirin was 42.3%. After 60 days of ribavirin administration, mean trough concentrations in plasma of 2.6 and 4.1 microM were obtained. Ribavirin penetrated well into the cerebrospinal fluid, achieving 70% of the concentration in plasma at steady state.
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PMID:Safety, tolerance, and pharmacokinetics of systemic ribavirin in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. 846 Sep 22

Ribavirin has been reported to enhance the activity of ddI against HIV. We explored this enhancement of antiviral activity in Rauscher murine leukemia virus (RMuLV) models in vitro and in vivo. The significant finding in these studies was that combinations of the drugs exhibited virus titer reductions that were greater than would be expected if the drug interactions were simply additive. These effects were designated synergistic by the method of Prichard and Shipman (Prichard, M.N. and Shipman, C., Jr. (1990). A three-dimensional model to analyze drug-drug interaction, Antiviral Res. 14, 181-206). In addition to the antiviral synergy, we also observed some synergistic toxicity in the animal model.
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PMID:In vitro and in vivo enhancement of ddI activity against Rauscher murine leukemia virus by ribavirin. 854 Jul 52

Nucleotide heterodimers were synthesized and examined for their inhibitory effects on the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), including HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor-resistant mutants. 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidilyl-(5')-phospho-(5')-6-[(3', 5'-dimethylphenyl)thio]-5-ethyl-1-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]uracil (AZT-P-E-HEPU-dM) and 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidilyl-(5')-phospho-(5')-2', 3'-dideoxyinosine (AZT-P-ddI) proved to be highly potent and selective inhibitors of HIV-1 (IIIB strain) in MT-4 cells. The mechanism of inhibition by these heterodimers may be attributed to their degradation and the formation of each constituent. AZT-P-E-HEPU-dM was also markedly inhibitory to an AZT-resistant mutant (HIV-1-IIIB/AZT) and an E-HEPU-dM-resistant mutant (HIV-1-IIIB-R). However, AZT-P-ddI was found to have a less inhibitory effect on HIV-1-IIIB/AZT than on HIV-1-IIIB. The heterodimers of (5',5') AZT and ribavirin (AZT-P-Ribavirin) and (5',5') ddI and ribavirin (ddI-P-Ribavirin) were also synthesized: AZT-P-Ribavirin inhibited HIV-1 replication, but ddI-P-Ribarvirin did not.
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PMID:Antiviral activities of nucleotide heterodimers against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in vitro. 879 15

Although antimicrobial therapy has been administered through the inhaled route for decades, it has always been controversial. There are relatively few accepted indications for this mode of administration. Well-controlled studies of aerosolized antibiotics in cystic fibrosis demonstrate that tobramycin on a cyclical basis may reduce sputum volume, bacterial counts, and improve pulmonary function. Preliminary data indicate that inhaled antibiotic therapy of ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis may reduce sputum volume, but the clinical significance of this finding remains to be determined. Inhaled pentamidine is used for prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection who are intolerant of oral prophylactic agents. Ribavirin has been used for 30 years to treat respiratory syncytial virus. The role, if any, of inhaled antifungal therapy with amphotericin B remains undetermined.
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PMID:Inhaled antimicrobial therapy. 1056 84

Hepatitis C is a chronic disease with lethal complications and recent treatments have a strong efficacy. Ribavirin and alpha interferon combination allows obtaining a sustained viral response in 40% of patients who are theoretically protected against the progression to cirrhosis and its complications. In non responders prospective trials are in progress assessing the efficacy of stronger regimen or using sustain-release interferons. It is also possible that in non responders interferon reduces the progression of liver fibrosis permitting to reduce cirrhosis incidence and to wait for new drugs. Patients who need definitively a treatment are patients with fibrosis progression, patients with extrahepatic manifestations and those who can transmit the virus. Treatment of HCV should be systematically discussed in patients coinfected with HIV and HCV.
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PMID:[Treatment and prevention of hepatitis C]. 1090 96

Hepatitis C is a worldwide problem that frequently results in end-stage liver disease and its complications. Treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been rather ineffective but several recent studies have clarified the role of interferon and ribavirin therapy. In line with therapeutic progress in HIV infection, hepatitis C is now entering the era of multidrug antiviral therapy. Ribavirin is an orally active synthetic guanosine analogue with theoretical antiviral and immunomodulatory actions. In this review we have evaluated the role of interferon and ribavirin in treatment-naive patients, relapsers and non-responders. In naive patients the combination results in improved end-of-treatment and sustained response rates, with an overall 41% sustained virological response rate in patients treated for 48 weeks. Therapeutic benefit also extends to the traditionally difficult to treat patients (genotype 1, high vital load and advanced fibrosis). The addition of ribavirin to interferon has also resulted in an increased toxicity profile, which has made therapy more difficult for both the patient and managing physician. However, the significant improvement in response rates for all patients makes combination therapy the most appropriate choice as the first-line therapy for suitable patients with chronic viral hepatitis C. Appropriate management with interferon and ribavirin includes assessing the patient's HCV genotype to determine the optimal duration of therapy, assessing therapeutic efficacy by measuring HCV-RNA at 24 weeks and monitoring for the additional ribavirin side-effects.
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PMID:Treatment of hepatitis C with interferon and ribavirin. 1092 9

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) shows a pronounced polymorphism with six genotypes and many subtypes. The virus is generally not cytopathogenic. Immunological defence mechanisms are probably essential for the pathogenecity. An acute hepatitis is relatively rare; the infection becomes chronic in over 70%. The data on the occurrence of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma are conflicting. The age at infection, the gender, coinfections with HBV and HIV and alcohol consumption play a role. The basis of diagnostics is the anti-HCV screening test with clear indications for the measurement of the genotype and of HCV-RNA. The combination of interferon-alpha and Ribavirin is the therapy of choice with improved success. HCV is most often transmitted through contaminated syringes and needles, i.v. drug users having the greatest incidence and prevalence. Vertical and sexual HCV transmission is relatively rare. It is estimated that the HCV prevalence in Switzerland is 0.75-1%, afflicting 50,000-70,000 individuals. Over the next years the number of HCV associated decompensated liver cirrhosis, liver transplantation and death will grow. Efforts of collaboration in the field are undertaken including the establishment of a Swiss HCV cohort study.
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PMID:[Hepatitis C virus infection. Overview. SEVHEP (Swiss Experts on Viral Hepatitis)]. 1108 58

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently approved Ribavirin capsules as a part of combination therapy for treating chronic hepatitis C in patients with certain conditions. The drug will be called Rebetol, and will be distributed by Schering-Plough. Oral Ribavirin has been used in the rest of the world as an antiviral, but its use in the United States was not approved by the FDA. Recent studies suggest the drug may have considerable importance in treating HIV.
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PMID:Ribavirin approved for hepatitis C combination treatment. 1136 95


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