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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Expression of a gene encoding the diphtheria toxin A (DT-A) chain, under the control of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) proteins Tat and Rev, has previously been shown to confer on cells an impaired ability to produce HIV. That work was done in HeLa cell lines that had stably integrated the regulated DT-A gene in a plasmid context. To increase the efficiency with which the HIV-regulated DT-A gene could be introduced into cells, we studied a recombinant, amphotropic murine leukemia virus containing the HIV-regulated DT-A transcription unit. Here we demonstrate that such recombinant retroviruses can be packaged, for both wild-type DT-A and an attenuated version, tox 176. In transient transfection assays, the proviral constructs exhibited similar basal and trans-activated levels of DT-A expression to the parental plasmids. Transduced H9 cells expressed the integrated DT-A gene upon transfection with plasmids encoding Tat and Rev, as assayed by decreased expression of a cotransfected luciferase reporter gene. Furthermore, the transduced H9 cells were substantially impaired in their ability to produce HIV, as demonstrated by p24 assays of culture supernatants following either transfection with an HIV proviral clone or infection with HIV-IIIB. These data demonstrate that basal expression of the regulated DT-A gene has been reduced to a tolerable level, both in packaging cells and transduced H9 cells. The use of HIV-regulated retroviruses encoding the highly lethal DT-A product may eventually be applicable as a gene therapy approach for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
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PMID:Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus-1 production resulting from transduction with a retrovirus containing an HIV-regulated diphtheria toxin A chain gene. 132 91

We have investigated the direct effect of dimethyl prostaglandin A1 (dmPGA1) on the replication of herpes simplex virus (HSV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). dmPGA1 significantly inhibited viral replication in both HSV and HIV infection systems at concentrations of dmPGA1 that did not adversely alter cellular DNA synthesis. The 50% inhibitory concentration (ID50) for several HSV type 1 (HSV-1) strains ranged from 3.8 to 5.6 micrograms/ml for Vero cells and from 4.6 to 7.3 micrograms/ml for human foreskin fibroblasts. The ID50s for two HSV-2 strains varied from 3.8 to 4.5 micrograms/ml for Vero cells; the ID50 was 5.7 micrograms/ml for human foreskin fibroblasts. We found that closely related prostaglandins did not have the same effect on the replication of HSV; dmPGE2 and dmPGA2 caused up to a 60% increase in HSV replication compared with that in untreated virus-infected cells. HIV-1 replication in acutely infected T cells (VB line) and chronically infected macrophages was assessed by quantitative decreases in p24 concentration. The effective ID50s were 2.5 micrograms/ml for VB cells acutely infected with HIV-1 and 5.2 micrograms/m for chronically infected macrophages. dmPGA1 has an unusual broad-spectrum antiviral activity against both HSV and HIV-1 in vitro and offers a new class of potential therapeutic agents for in vivo use.
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PMID:Effects of dimethyl prostaglandin A1 on herpes simplex virus and human immunodeficiency virus replication. 133 92

The existence of molecular transactivations between EBV and HIV-1, as well as reactivations of EBV latent infections in AIDS patients, have been recently documented. In order to shed more light on the putative association between EBV and HIV, and its role in the evolution to AIDS, we have determined simultaneously p24 protein and EBV DNA in culture supernatants of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 47 individuals suspected of having HIV infection. The results of the in vitro assays were correlated with the clinical stage of the individuals and their serologic status to EBV. Statistical analysis showed a concordance between HIV infection and in vitro detection of EBV DNA (P < 0.002); particularly, a strong correlation between the presence of EBV DNA and p24 in culture was observed (P < 0.001). These results are consistent with the occurrence of viral interactions, manifested in vitro. However, in our series, the appearance of EBV DNA in culture was not concomitant with an elevation of anti-VCA IgG titers, anti-EA titers or the development of symptomatology, suggestive of a reactivation of a latent EBV infection or a progression of HIV infection. Therefore we conclude that, although interaction between both viruses may take place at the molecular level, there is no clear evidence of the repercussion that this event may have on the clinical course of HIV infection.
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PMID:Correlative detection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antigen p24 and Epstein-Barr virus DNA in vitro: clinical influence on HIV infection. 133 43

The activity of peripheral blood monocytes from HIV positive patients was measured by the intensity of the chemoluminescence those cells emit when they ingest a foreign particle. In most patients (84%) that value was impaired. Such an alteration may occur very early in the course of the disease. The anti-p24 antibody titer was correlated with monocyte phagocytic potential as measured by the chemoluminescent value thus indicating the need for adequate monocyte activity in order to obtain antibody formation. The severity of opportunistic infections that HIV positive subjects may develop is a clear indication that their immune systems are abnormal. The most frequently affected cells are those which bear the viral receptor, the CD4 antigen. Those cells are mainly the helper T cells and monocytes. The monocytes are the immune system phagocytic cells which actively control infections, in part by the release oxidative radicals. Those radicals can easily be measured by the chemoluminescence (CL) the cells emit when they ingest a foreign particle. This study examines the CL emitted by peripheral blood monocytes from HIV-positive and control subjects while they phagocytose opsonized zymosan in vitro and correlates these values with other laboratory parameters.
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PMID:The bactericidal capacity of peripheral blood monocytes from HIV positive patients may collapse very soon after the infection. 134 55

European patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection have been reported to have lower titers of anti-p24 antibody than Central African HIV seropositive patients. Recently, black HIV positive patients in the United States were reported to be more likely to have detectable anti-p24 antibodies, less p24 antigenemia, and higher combined serum immunoglobulins than white HIV positive patients. We measured individual total serum immunoglobulins in 853 HIV positive patients (94% male; 58% white and 42% black) on their initial medical evaluation and compared them with CD4+ T-cell counts. Blacks had notably higher IgG levels (p = 0.001) across the entire spectrum of CD4+ T-cell counts. Serum IgM levels were slightly higher in blacks. IgA levels were not significantly different between the races, although the trend (p = 0.006) was toward higher levels in whites. We also measured these three serum immunoglobulins in 60 HIV seronegative, healthy blood donors (30 black and 30 white). In this control group, blacks had statistically higher IgG and IgA levels than whites. A review of the literature prior to the HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome epidemic also supports the view that racial differences in IgG levels are not specific for HIV infection. We speculate that racial differences in humoral immunity, independent of geography or strain of HIV, may account for differences in anti-HIV antibody levels and HIV antigenemia.
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PMID:Comparison by race of total serum IgG, IgA, and IgM with CD4+ T-cell counts in North American persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1. 134 87

Broncho-alveolar lavage was performed to assess the degree of pulmonary lymphocytic alveolitis in 32 asymptomatic patients who were infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (VIH). The patients were stages II and III of the CDC classification and the aim of the study was to determine the frequency, nature and prognostic role of the findings. 62.5% of the subjects (20/32) presented with a lymphocytic alveolitis which consisted predominantly of CD8 lymphocyte (64.3 +/- 3.5%), in the absence of an opportunistic infection or broncho-pulmonary tumours. Two sub-populations of alveolar CD8 were shown at comparable levels, a) sub-population CD8+D44+ (22.1 +/- 5%), in whom we showed the possession of cytotoxic activity in particular specific for VIH; b) sub-population CD8+CD57+ (19.6 +/- 3%) which we have shown to be capable in vitro of inhibiting the effector phase of cytotoxic activity of CD8+D44+ alveolar cells specific for VIH. In this group of 32 patients the occurrence of an alveolitis was not correlated with the usual prognostic factors of infection by VIH measured simultaneously with broncho-alveolar lavage (the level of CD4+ blood lymphocytes, and the beta 2-plasma microglobulins and the presence of p24 antigenaemia). In addition the level of CD4 lymphocytes supperior to 400/mm3 and of beta 2-microglobulins less then 3 mg/l whether a lymphocytic alveolitis was there or not confirmed the relatively poorly developed state of the VIH infection in these asymptomatic patients. Also the occurrence of a lymphocytic alveolitis did not seem to be linked to progression of the disease in the group of patients studied.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Lymphocytic alveolitis in the early stages of HIV infection: correlation with biological and prognostic factors]. 134 63

In an open-label dose-ranging pilot trial, 13 homosexual men with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) p24 antigenemia after at least 6 weeks of zidovudine monotherapy were continued on zidovudine and given interferon-alpha, 1.25-7.5 x 10(6) units/m2 subcutaneously three times/week. Plasma p24 antigen levels demonstrated a biphasic response, falling initially in 11 patients by a mean of 50% (95% confidence interval, 36%-64%; P = .001) at a median of 11 weeks, but rising steadily thereafter (P = .001). CD4+ cell counts fell by a mean of 7.1 cells/mm3/week (P = .01). Higher initial CD4+ counts predicted greater p24 antigen reductions. At higher interferon doses no greater reductions in p24 antigen occurred, but side effects were more severe and CD4+ lymphocyte counts fell faster. Polymerase chain reaction quantification of HIV-1 DNA in 3 patients showed a biphasic pattern paralleling the p24 antigen response. In sum, although evidence of short-term effects was found, the combination showed no evidence of lasting antiviral activity beyond that achieved with zidovudine alone in patients with advanced HIV-1 infection.
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PMID:Zidovudine-interferon-alpha combination therapy in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection: biphasic response of p24 antigen and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. 134 31

Children born to women known to be infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) before delivery were followed prospectively from birth in nineteen European centres. This analysis, encompassing the period end-December, 1984, to beginning-August, 1991, focuses on risk factors for mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 infection. Rate of vertical transmission, based on 721 children born to 701 mothers more than 18 months before the time of analysis, was 14.4% (95% Cl 12.0-17.1%). Transmission was associated with maternal p24-antigenaemia and a CD4 count of less than 700/microliters. In a multivariate analysis, odds ratios of transmission were: 2.25 (95% Cl 0.97-5.23) in breastfed children vs never-breastfed children; 3.80 (1.62-8.91) in children born before 34 weeks' gestation; and 0.56 (0.30-1.04) in children delivered by caesarean section. Transmission was higher with vaginal deliveries in which episiotomy, scalp electrodes, forceps, or vacuum extractors were used, but only in centres where these procedures were not routine. On the basis of these results, HIV-infected women contemplating pregnancy should be counselled according to their immunological findings and, if they have p24-antigenaemia or a low CD4 count, warned of an increased risk of viral transmission. Caesarean deliveries may have a protective effect, although it is premature to recommend routine operative delivery. The mechanism for the higher infection rate in children born before 34 weeks' gestation is unclear, but could reflect inadequate passive or active immunity at that age, combined with substantial transmission during labour or delivery. The balance of evidence suggests that mothers with established infection can transmit HIV infection through breastmilk, although the relative importance of this route remains to be defined.
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PMID:Risk factors for mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. 135 93

A nested primer polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of pol gene sequences of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) was applied to whole blood of 31 haemophiliacs who were, or had been, positive for HIV p24 antibody (HIVAb) by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and samples from 22 persistently HIVAb negative haemophiliacs who had been at risk of contracting HIV from treatment. The results were compared with those of p24 HIV antigen determination, T4 cell counts beta 2 Microglobulin (beta 2M) levels and clinical evidence of progression of HIV disease. There was no discrepancy between the PCR results and past or present seropositivity for HIVAb. The qualitative PCR was more sensitive than the p24 antigen assay but the presence of the latter was predictive of progression of infection as determined clinically and by falling T4 cell counts and rising levels of beta 2M. The results of the PCR are reassuring for HIVAb negative haemophiliacs at risk from treatment and to HIVAb negative sexual contacts of HIVAb positive persons.
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PMID:The relationship of HIV-1 viral sequences detected by the polymerase chain reaction in haemophilic patients to clinical and other markers of infection. 135 Sep 51

Analysis was made of serum anti-HTLV-I antibodies, virus-specific proteins in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and proviruses in lymphocyte DNA of a patient with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), Kaposi's sarcoma, and chronic myelopathy. Using Western blot and PCR (with HIV-1 specific primers), it was shown that Kaposi's sarcoma was not linked to HIV infection. Western blot analysis of serum revealed antibodies against p19, p24 and Pr 53 of HTLV-I. Examination of proteins in fresh PBL by Western blot revealed a high level of HTLV-I specific protein expression. Southern blot analysis of the patient's DNA revealed two different sites for HTLV-I provirus integration.
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PMID:High level of HTLV-I specific protein expression in a patient with adult T-cell leukemia, chronic progressive myelopathy and Kaposi's sarcoma. 135 62


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