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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
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Benin is located in West Africa and is situated between HIV-2 and HIV-1-endemic zones. The first cases of HIV-1 infection in Benin were reported in 1987. Since then, AIDS cases have been diagnosed there and the number of known HIV-seropositive people has rapidly increased. Blood samples were collected from 14 seropositive and 11 seronegative patients living in the main city, Cotonou, and their peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured. In seven of the seropositive cases, a retrovirus was detected by measurement of Mg2(+)-dependent reverse transcriptase activity and electron microscopy. HIV-1 antigen assay and genomic analysis indicated that the isolated viruses belong to the first serotype. In each positive case, an HIV-1 DNA probe hybridized to the RNA extracted from the virus and six isolates were found positive by the polymerase chain reaction using HIV-1-specific primers.
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PMID:Isolation of HIV-1 from seropositive people living in Cotonou, Benin. 170 64

In August 1986, researchers tested 424 and 419 blood serum samples from patients, hospital workers, and blood donors at a hospital in Tanguieta, Benin for HIV 1 and HIV 2 antibodies respectively. Not so long ago, this region was completely isolated, but improved roads now allow free movement of people into and out of the region. The main economic activities include sheep farming and agriculture. The HIV 1 enzyme immunoassay (EIA) test 1st detected 23 seropositive sample, but only 4 tested positive (.94%) on the repeat EIA test. These 4 individuals included asymptomatic men between 30-50 years old. The distances they lived from the hospital ranged from several kilometer-600 km, 3 of whom lived in Benin and the 4th in Burkina Faso. 1 man visited the capital frequently. Further, the Western Blot and a test checking for the presence of antibodies against core and envelope proteins of HIV 1 confirmed 2 samples positive (.47%). The researchers considered these 2 as true positives, but they considered the other 2 samples which only tested positive, but they considered the other 2 samples which only tested positive under the Western Blot test as negative. The HIV 2 EIA test 1st detected 57 seropositive samples, but only 29 tested positive (6.9%) on the repeat test. The age of these individuals (19 men and 10 women) ranged from 19-54 years. The Lav-Blot test clearly confirmed only 1 positive case (.24%) and 2 negative cases. The remaining samples generated antibody bands against HIV 2 core proteins only. The researchers considered these 26 samples as indeterminate. The same person that tested positive for HIV 2 also tested positive for HIV 1. This 50 year old man belonged to a primitive ethnic group that hunts monkeys. Overall prevalence for both HIV 1 and HIV 2 stood at 1%.
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PMID:HIV 1 and HIV 2 prevalence of seropositivity in a population of West Africa. 234 79

Between February 1987-May 1988, 109 patients at the Dakar Central Hospital were diagnosed by the ELISA method and confirmed by Western Blot as seropositive for HIV infections. 44 had AIDS, including 2 blood donors and 1 child. 39 asymptomatic but seropositive subjects included 15 blood donors, 7 spouses and 2 children of seropositive individuals, 2 subjects who had spent time in Central Africa where HIV is endemic, 2 patients receiving blood transfusions in Benin and the Ivory Coast, 2 patients with a positive treponemic serology, 4 pregnant women, and 5 patients with disorders unrelated to AIDS. The remaining 26 seropositive blood donors were not examined and their risk factors and health status were unknown. Among the 109 cases there were 50 seropositivities to HIV 1, 44 to HIV 2, and 15 for both HIV 1 and 2. 83 men and 26 women were seropositive, for a sex ratio of 3.9. The average ages of AIDS patients were 33.2 for HIV 1, 41.1 for HIV 2, and 42.3 for HIV 1 and 2. Average ages of asymptomatic carriers were 30.1 for HIV 1, 29.5 for HIV 2, and 26.1 for HIV 1 and 2. Risk factors were difficult to study, but 78 records including information indicated 3 open homosexuals, 4 drug users, 25 who frequented prostitutes, 11 patients who had received transfusions, and 30 who had received injections. 21 of 35 seropositive for HIV 1, 5 of 33 seropositive for HIV 2, and 5 of 10 seropositive for both HIV 1 and 2 had lived outside Senegal and its neighboring countries in the past 10 years. Clinical signs in the 44 AIDS patients were highly varied. The most frequently noted were poor general state with weight loss, fever, diarrhea, polyadenopathic syndrome, pneumopathy, and meningoencephalitis. 9 men and 3 women died during the study period. In all cases the clinical status at hospital admission was very poor. There has as yet been no epidemic of AIDS in Senegal following observation of the 1st case in 1987. The 44 AIDS patients represented .78% of hospital admissions during the study period, while the 43 seropositive blood donors represented 1.35% of all donors. The HIV 1 and HIV 2 viruses both cause profound immunodepression. Some evidence suggests that the HIV 2 virus has a longer incubation period. The study indicates that the epidemiology of HIV is not the same in West Africa as in Central Africa.
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PMID:[Human immunodeficiency virus infections (HIV-1 and HIV-2) in Dakar. Epidemiologic and clinical aspects]. 322 81

Since 1990 within the framework of a National Program against AIDS, surveillance in the Republic of Benin has relied on disease-control centers established in 20 selected locations. Seropositivity for HIV is always established by Western-blotting and diagnosis of AIDS is based on BANGUI/WHO clinical criteria and positive serologic tests. On June 30, 1993, the cumulative number of AIDS cases reported to the WHO was 12/100000 inhabitants of Benin. The sex-ratio was 2 to 1 and 77.4% of cases occurred in the 20 to 49 year age range. Heterosexual transmission accounted for 75.8% of cases and mother-to-child transmission for 6.4%. Overall the cumulative number of AIDS cases doubled each year from 1990 to 1992. The prevalence of HIV antibodies in target groups has been steady: less than 1% of blood donors and urban or rural women undergoing prenatal examinations. The prevalence of HIV antibodies has risen significantly every year among patients with tuberculosis and people consulting for sexually transmitted diseases. These findings corroborate the notion that the incidence of positive serologic tests for HIV is low in Benin: less than 1% of the adult population.
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PMID:[Trends in the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Benin (1990-1993]. 793 79

HIV infection in Nigeria has not yet been manifested in major clinical terms, but the steady rate of increase in some African countries gives cause for concern. The authors assessed the prevalence of HIV-1 infection among 2206 male and female blood donors in Benin City, Nigeria. Benin City is located between HIV-1 and HIV-2 endemic zones, and is one of the five largest cities in Nigeria. Positive ELISA HIV-antibody test results were obtained for 19 donors, a seroprevalence of 0.9%; 11/1807 (0.6%) of the males and 8/399 (3.3%) of the females. The relative rate of infection between females and males was 3.29 with 95% confidence intervals of 1.33-8.14 by Fisher's Exact test. 9/239 (3.77%) of individuals aged 20-29 were HIV-seropositive, the highest prevalence of HIV infection among the age groups. Otherwise, the age groups 10-19 years, 30-39, 40-49, and 50 and over were infected as follows: 3/192 (1.56%), 4/725 (0.55%), 2/671 (0.3%), and 1/179 (0.26%), respectively. The marital status of the population studied made no difference with regard to the distribution of antibody to HIV.
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PMID:HIV-1 seroepidemiological profile in age groups and sexes in Benin City, Nigeria. 811 67

A study of frequency of treponematosis among pregnant women in Mother Hood of Zogbo (Cotonou) shows 5.1 +/- 2.8% of positivity with risk of 5% by TPHA and VDRL. The low level of endemicity, associated with the absence of cutaneous lesions of treponematosis in Cotonou may correspond to a syphilis infection. This study points out the necessity to strengthen the struggle against the all other sexually transmitted diseases (MST) in the same way that the HIV infection in Benin.
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PMID:[Seroprevalence of treponematosis among pregnant women in Cotonou (Benin)]. 812 1

In July 1991 in Benin, a survey was conducted among 115 female and male nursing students aged 20-38 during their in-service training at the university hospital in Cotonou to determine their knowledge of HIV infection and prevention, their attitude toward HIV/AIDS, and their behavior. 98% knew actual routes of HIV transmission. 67.8% knew that HIV is sensitive to heat outside of the body and that it is not sensitive to fever in HIV positive individuals. 23.4% thought that HIV positive persons should be quarantined. 62.6% knew that HIV positive persons would develop AIDS. More than 80% asserted that they were strongly exposed to HIV infection at the AIDS Patient Care Services. Age at first intercourse ranged from 10 to 34 years (mean, 18.07 years). Men were more likely to have multiple partners than women (35% vs. 5%). 55.7% of nursing students regularly used condoms, especially among male students (p 0.05). 68.7% of nursing students wanted to undergo HIV testing. The remaining students did not want an HIV test for fear of a positive test inciting a suicidal attempt. 77.4% were afraid that they would find themselves infected during their practical training. The multivariate analysis showed that fear of becoming infected with HIV increased as the knowledge level fell. Lack of confidence to ask one's partner to use a condom had the most effect on fear of HIV infection (odds ratio [OR] = 7.47). Another strong factor was insufficient information on HIV infection (OR = 5.63). These findings suggest that the sexual behavior of the nursing students put them at higher risk of HIV infection than working with AIDS patients. They highlight the need to include HIV/AIDS education in the nursing curriculum.
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PMID:[Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): knowledge and fear of contagion in nursing students during their hospital training]. 828 23

An epidemio-clinical study of Herpes Zoster in 39 healthy patients of Benin has permitted to the authors to evaluate the positive predictive value of Herpes Zoster for HIV infection on West Africa; and to compare it with results of central Africa. The mean age of patients is 34.74 years. The positive predictive value of Herpes Zoster for HIV infection is 41.02%. It is increased by the cranial site of Herpes Zoster.
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PMID:[Herpes Zoster, predictive element of human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV). Epidemio-clinical study in Cotonou (Benin)]. 835 80

Seroprevalences for toxoplasmosis, malaria, rubella, cytomegalovirus, HIV and treponemal infections were evaluated among 211 pregnant women residing in the Cotonou area, Republic of Benin. One hundred and thirteen women (53.6%) had toxoplasma antibodies, 185 (87.7%) malaria antibodies and 181 (85.8%) rubella antibodies. Among the 205 (97.2%) women with cytomegalovirus antibodies, 6 presented recent or current infection. No HIV seropositivity was detected. Five (2.4%) of these women had a positive treponematosis serology corresponding to previous infection or reinfection. These results were compared with previous studies conducted in Africa. Routine serological screening should be recommended in young age and in pregnancy for rubella, only in pregnant women for HIV and toxoplasma infections, in order to control their possible consequences on women and newborns.
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PMID:Seroprevalences of Toxoplasma, malaria, rubella, cytomegalovirus, HIV and treponemal infections among pregnant women in Cotonou, Republic of Benin. 853 62

A seroepidemiological survey to determine the prevalence of retrovirus infection (HTLV-I/II, HIV-1, HIV-2) by representative sampling of the general population in the Department of Atacora in north-western Benin is reported. The seroprevalence rate of HTLV-I in this sample was at 1.86% (95% CI 1.20-2.52%). This is in agreement with prevalence rates reported from neighbouring countries of the sub-region. No sera were found positive for HTLV-II. Seropositivity to HIV-1 was 0.3%; HIV-2 seropositivity was not encountered.
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PMID:Seroepidemiological study of retroviruses (HTLV-I/II, HIV-1, HIV-2) in the Department of Atacora, northern Benin. 866 85


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