Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have investigated the efficiency of a subunit vaccine consisting of native gp130 micelles of HIV-2ben mixed with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Over a period of 52 weeks, nine cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were immunized with seven intramuscular injections of gp130-KLH, equivalent to a total of about 1.1 mg of purified gp130 per animal. The first three applications were formulated in Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Because of the effects of Freund's incomplete adjuvant, aluminum hydroxide was used for the four subsequent immunizations. Each of the nine vaccinated animals along with six controls were challenged with 10 monkey infectious doses (MID50) of live HIV-2ben. At the time of challenge, the vaccinees had developed anti-gp130 titers ranging from 1 to 1.5 x 10(5). Four animals exhibited neutralizing antibodies. After iv challenge with 10 MID50 of HIV-2ben the nine vaccinees showed neither a secondary immune response nor a transient viremia. However, in four of the nine immunized animals proviral sequences were sporadically detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and one of these four animals developed cytotoxic T lymphocytes. All six control animals developed a primary antibody response to HIV-2ben and became PCR positive. Four animals showed cytotoxic T cell activity and two developed a transient viremia. The five vaccinees with no sign of virus infection were reimmunized once and challenged with 10 MID50 of the heterologous virus HIV-2SBL-6999. Four weeks later all animals were PCR positive. A naive control animal and four of the vaccinees showed primary or secondary antibody responses and transient viremia. One of the revaccinated animals did not become viremic, and viral antibodies did not increase.
 ...
PMID:Protection of cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) against infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 strain ben (HIV-2ben) by immunization with the virion-derived envelope glycoprotein gp130. 831 67

An alternative synthesis of 7-chloro-N-methyl-5-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-3H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-amine, the compound that inhibits gene expression by HIV-1 at the level of transcriptional transactivation by Tat, has been developed. The process is based on ring expansion of 6-chloro-2-chloromethyl-4-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)quinazoline 3-oxide which leads to the corresponding benzodiazepine Ro24-7429. Quinazoline 3-oxide formation in the presence of boron trifluoride gives a tetracyclic system containing a 2,2-difluoro-1,3,6,2-oxadiazaborine ring that survives ring expansion to 13-chloro-5,5-difluoro-9-(methylamino)-5H-pyrrolo[1',2':3,4]- 1,3,6,2-oxadiazabora[6,5-d]-8H-1,4-benzodiazepin-7-ium hydroxide inner salt. This unusual benzodiazepine does not significantly inhibit Tat-mediated gene expression by HIV-1.
 ...
PMID:An alternate synthesis of the Tat-antagonist 7-chloro-N-methyl-5-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-3H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-amine. 858 22

The group-specific antigens Pr55gag of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) self-assemble into noninfectious virus-like particles (VLP) that are released from various eucaryotic cells by budding. Deletion analysis of Pr55gag mutants revealed three domains into which sequences of the third variable domain V3 or the CD4-binding domain of the gp120 external glycoprotein can be inserted without destroying the capacity of the chimeric proteins to assemble to VLP. Immunization of rabbits with different types of purified chimeric VLP without adjuvants raised a strong antibody response to the Pr55gag carrier component. The magnitude of the antibody response to the inserted gp 120 epitopes strictly depended on their position within the gag polyprotein. These antisera exhibited only weak neutralizing activity. However, BALB/c mice immunized by different routes with different types of chimeric Pr55gag/V3 VLP without adjuvants developed a strong MHC class I (Dd)-restricted, cytolytic CD8+ T-cell (CTL) reactivity against a known epitope within the V3 domain. When the recombinant antigen was emulsified in mineral oil (incomplete Freund's adjuvant) or adsorbed in aluminium hydroxide, its immunogenicity for CTL was drastically reduced or completely abrogated. The magnitude of the V3-specific CTL response was not influenced by the position of the V3 domain within the Pr55gag-carrier moiety; the flanking residues, hence, did not influence processing of the exogenous antigen for MHC class I-restricted peptide presentation. These results indicate ways for the rational design and optimal delivery of CTL-stimulating HIV candidate vaccines.
 ...
PMID:Construction, expression, and immunogenicity of chimeric HIV-1 virus-like particles. 865 5

A nosocomial outbreak of scabies in a specialist inpatient HIV unit resulted from a patient admitted with crusted scabies. Treatment of his infestation with topical scabicides alone failed and he remained infectious for several weeks. His infestation was then eradicated with combined topical treatment and oral ivermectin. In total, 14 (88%) out of 19 ward staff became symptomatic, and 4 (21%) had evidence of scabies on potassium hydroxide examination of skin scrapings. The ward infection control policy was changed to distinguish patients with crusted scabies from those with ordinary scabies. A second patient with crusted scabies was treated with combined oral and topical therapy early in his admission and nursed with more stringent isolation procedures. No nosocomial transmission occurred and his infestation responded rapidly to treatment. Patients with crusted scabies require strict barrier nursing if nosocomial transmission is to be avoided. Ivermectin combined with topical scabicides may be a more efficacious treatment than topical scabicides alone in such patients.
 ...
PMID:Crusted ("Norwegian") scabies in a specialist HIV unit: successful use of ivermectin and failure to prevent nosocomial transmission. 903 54

Superficial mycotic infections such as seborrheic dermatitis, tinea pedis, tinea corporis, and onychomycosis are common in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In communities where HIV infections are frequent, some of these clinical presentations serve as markers of the stage of HIV infection. The diagnosis of superficial fungal infection in HIV-positive patients may be difficult because of atypical clinical manifestations. Therefore, to ensure a correct diagnosis, skin scrapings should be collected for potassium hydroxide preparations and cultures. Most forms of dermatophytosis in HIV-positive patients respond well to many topical antifungal agents, such as azoles, terbinafine, and ciclopirox olamine. If the disease is chronic and extensive, then ketoconazole, fluconazole, and itraconazole are each effective.
 ...
PMID:Common superficial fungal infections in patients with AIDS. 872 40

To determine whether daily use of nystatin pastilles can prevent initial outbreak or recurrence of oral candidiasis in HIV-infected patients and to identify factors associated with outbreaks during 20-week follow-up, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted. Subjects were 128 HIV-infected men (aged 27-60 years) who either had had no documented episode of oral candidiasis in the previous year or had been clinically clear of oral candidiasis for at least 72 h before randomization. Study arms were two placebo pastilles, one nystatin (200,000 U) and one placebo pastille, or two nystatin pastilles daily for 20 weeks. The main outcome measure was time to oral candidiasis, as determined by potassium hydroxide (KOH) smear and fungal culture. A multivariate proportional hazards model showed that four factors were significant (p < 0.001) in predicting time to oral candidiasis: nystatin treatment (hazard ratio 0.59), history of oral candidiasis (3.58), Candida albicans carriage (2.79), and CD4 count at randomization (0.65). In this small group of subjects, nystatin appeared to be effective in delaying onset of oral candidiasis. Patients with CD4 counts < 200 who are carriers of C. albicans and have a history of oral candidiasis may be most likely to benefit from antifungal prophylaxis.
 ...
PMID:Prophylaxis with nystatin pastilles for HIV-associated oral candidiasis. 875 23

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) was inactivated by either cupric or ferric ions when the virus was free in solution and also 3 hr after cell infection. Fifty percent inactivation of cell-free HIV was achieved with Cu(II) at a concentration between 0.16 and 1.6 mM, or by 1.8 to 18 mM Fe(III). Thus, the dose to inactivate 50% of infectious HIV (D50) by Cu(II) or Fe(III) is higher than that reported for glutaraldehyde (0.1 mM); between the D50 reported for sodium hypochlorite (1.3 mM) and sodium hydroxide (11.5 mM), and significantly lower than that required for HIV inactivation by ethanol (360 mM). Treatment of infected cells for 30 min at 20 degrees C with 6 mM Cu(II) or Fe(III) completely inhibited the formation of syncytia and the synthesis of virus-specific p24 antigen in HIV-infected cells, while still preserving cell viability. The virucidal properties of cupric and ferric ions could be exploited for the development of novel virucidal formulations efficient against HIV.
 ...
PMID:Cupric and ferric ions inactivate HIV. 890 94

Twenty-four HIV-seronegative men, at high risk of HIV infection, were recruited into a phase I/II safety and immunogenicity trial of a prototype HIV vaccine. The immunogen was a synthetic, monovalent, octameric HIV-1MN V3 peptide in an aluminum hydroxide (alum) adjuvant. The vaccine had been evaluated previously using a standard 0-, 1-, 6-month intramuscular schedule and was found to stimulate neutralizing antibody in 60-90% of volunteers. Participants were randomized to receive either 500 micrograms (n = 10; high dose) or 100 micrograms (n = 10; low dose) of immunogen or placebo (alum alone; n = 4) at 0, 1, and 6 months by subcutaneous injection. Responses to the immunogen were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-detectable antibody and by proliferative responses. Safety was monitored by both clinical assessment and regular review with a clinical psychologist. No serious adverse experiences were observed following administration of the assigned medication. One individual (placebo) seroconverted while on study, following exposure to HIV. After the vaccination course only four individuals (three high dose and one low dose) had ELISA-detectable antibody against the immunogen. In the evaluable samples, from 19 volunteers, only 7 vaccine recipients (3 high dose and 4 low dose) had demonstrable lymphoproliferative responses to preparations of the immunogen. Subcutaneous administration of its candidate vaccine was safe but did not result in uniform or robust immunological responses.
 ...
PMID:Safety and immunogenicity of UBI HIV-1MN octameric V3 peptide vaccine administered by subcutaneous injection. 898 24

The pharmacokinetics of didanosine and ciprofloxacin were evaluated following the administration of multiple oral doses of each drug as a single agent or in combination. Didanosine was dosed as the Videx chewable/dispersible tablet, which contains the antacids dihydroxyaluminum sodium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide. Sixteen HIV-seropositive male subjects were randomly assigned to two groups of eight each. Group A received didanosine (200 mg q 12h) for 3d, followed by didanosine (200 mg q 12h) and ciprofloxacin (750 mg q 12h) for 3d, and finished with another course of didanosine (200 mg q 12h for 3 d). Group B began with ciprofloxacin, followed by the combination, and finished with ciprofloxacin using the same doses and schedule as utilized in group A. During the combination phase of the study, ciprofloxacin was administered 2 h prior to didanosine. Serial blood and urine samples were collected on study days 4, 8, and 12 for the quantitative determination of didanosine and ciprofloxacin using validated HPLC methods. The plasma and urine data were subjected to noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. A statistically significant decrease in the average AUC and UR values of ciprofloxacin was noted when it was given with didanosine, relative to administration as a single agent. However, the magnitude of the decrease in these parameters, approximately 26 and 29%, respectively, was not considered clinically significant. The apparent decrease in the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin was probably due to the formation of a chelation complex between it and the aluminum- and magnesium-containing antacids found in the didanosine tablet. Other than an approximately 16% decrease in AUC, ciprofloxacin did not alter the pharmacokinetics of didanosine. The data from the present study demonstrate that didanosine or ciprofloxacin can be added to a treatment regimen consisting of the other single agent and that cessation of treatment with one agent does not have an impact on the pharmacokinetics of the other drug. The dose of ciprofloxacin must be taken at least 2h prior to didanosine to avoid a clinically significant interaction with the antacids present in the didanosine formulation.
 ...
PMID:A multiple-dose pharmacokinetic interaction study between didanosine (Videx) and ciprofloxacin (Cipro) in male subjects seropositive for HIV but asymptomatic. 900 70

(E)-4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) is a highly reactive product of the free radical-stimulated lipid peroxidation of phospholipid-bound arachidonic acid in cellular membranes. We describe a sensitive and specific method for the determination of HNE in clinical samples. The method is based on the formation of the O-pentafluorobenzyl (O-PFB) oxime derivative of HNE, which is then extracted and cleaned up by solid-phase extraction. The HNE O-PFB oxime is then analysed without further derivatisation by capillary column gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry (GC-NICI-MS) using selected-ion monitoring. Concentrations down to the pmol range were achieved using deuterated HNE as an internal standard. The method was used to determine HNE in the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of patients with Parkinson's disease, the plasma of patients with HIV-1 infection and AIDS and in inflamed mucosal biopsy specimens from patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
 ...
PMID:Determination of the lipid peroxidation product (E)-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in clinical samples by gas chromatography--negative-ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry of the O-pentafluorobenzyl oxime. 917 61


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Next >>