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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

167 cocaine-dependent male admissions to an inpatient alcohol and drug treatment program at West Los Angeles Veterans Administration Medical Center in 1988-89 were studied to identify determinants of HIV infection and issues relevant in planning risk-reduction behavior. Criteria for cocaine drug dependent diagnosis was based on the staff physician's determination according to the DSM-III-R. 18% were at least 29 years old, 51% were 30-39 years, 26% were 40-49 years, and 5% were 50 years. 53% were black, 32% white, 7% Hispanic,and 8% other. 38% were unemployed, 33% had full-time employment, and 10% worked part-time. 19% received welfare or disability or had irregular jobs. 16% were homeless at the time of the interview. 76% had a high school education or higher. 57% had an income US $15,000/year. 42% were separated or divorced. 88% had been in jail for at least 1 day. The average score on the knowledge of AIDS 6-point scale was 4.45 with iv drug users (IVDUs) having the highest scores. 25% had been tested previously for HIV infection. 10.6% of the 47 tested were seropositive. Most had prior other drug and alcohol use. 74% perceived themselves to be cocaine dependent. 20% (32) had used iv drugs within 6 months of the interview of which 88% were iv cocaine users (IVCUs). Most heavy IVCUs concentrated use within 1-3 months. 50% reported iv heroin use. IVCU drug use was between 1-10 times a month. Source of needle acquisition is provided. 21% used a needle only once. 46% reused needles 2-6 times, and 33% 10 times. 94% (31) reported sharing needles with 1 other person and 55% in group situations of whom 26% were strangers. 10% in group situations shared in shooting galleries and 13% with strangers. Only 5 of the 33 IVDUs reported using effective needle cleaning methods. 85% had sex with female partners and 7% had male sex partners. 71 % of heterosexuals and 75% of homosexuals had 1-5 partners. 3% (5) of the total sample of 67 had male IVDU sex partners. 21% had sex with female IVDUs. 60% of those having sex with IVDUs had 1-5 partners. 16.2% reported participating in anal sex with 5 partners. 91.7% did use condoms regularly. 50% reported being high during sex. 11% reported being paid for sex. 17% recognized being at greater risk and 41% thought their risk was lower. 72% reported behavior changes to reduce the risk of HIV infection. Subjects report fewer sexual contacts than previous studies. More pay for sex with crack. Female use patterns are different. IVDUs and non-IVCUs are likely to contribute to the spread of HIV in several populations.
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PMID:HIV-related risk behaviors among cocaine users. 131 41

The study was aimed at evaluating the psychosocial and psychopathological characteristics of individuals with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection seeking psychological help compared with a sample not seeking help. Two hundred and seventy-one HIV seropositive (HIV+ve) subjects belonging to three transmission categories (90 gay men, 154 intravenous drug users and 27 heterosexuals) who were assessed at their first clinic appointment and offered access to psychological help were studied. Subsequently, it was found that 45 (17%) took advantage of the offer of psychological help, and attended a specialist clinic, while 226 (83%) did not seek help. Stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to establish the characteristics of subjects who received psychological help. Results showed that five factors identified at the time of first clinic appointment were significantly associated with seeking psychological help subsequently: (1) having a current DSM-III-R Axis I psychiatric diagnosis; (2) being single; (3) belief of being affected by a serious physical illness (negative correlation); (4) higher level of education; and (5) no past or current history of substance misuse. The implications of the findings are discussed.
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PMID:Factors associated with psychological help-seeking in HIV disease. 140 1

As part of a military universal HIV screening program, 442 men were assessed for the presence of DSM-III-R defined psychiatric disorders and symptoms of anxiety and depression after notification of HIV seroconversion. Of them, 84.4% were in the earliest, asymptomatic stages of disease at the time of interview (96% did not have AIDS). The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R and Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Anxiety and Depression Scales were used. Relevant comparisons were made to Epidemiologic Catchment Area prevalence data. HIV seropositive men were more likely than age-matched men in the community to have current diagnoses of major depression (ages 18-44) and anxiety disorders (ages 25-44). Higher lifetime rates of major depression and alcohol use disorder, and high current prevalence of sexual dysfunction (21.7%) were noted. We conclude that men who become HIV seropositive have high rates of mood and substance use disorders prior to knowledge of seroconversion, and that early in the course of HIV infection men are at risk for developing major depression, anxiety disorders, and disorders of sexual desire.
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PMID:Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in early stages of HIV infection. 143 61

A psychiatric examination was conducted on 144 patients at various stages of HIV infection and on 29 controls found to be seronegative. One-half of the control group had at least one DSM-III-R Axis I diagnosis, most commonly cannabis abuse, alcohol abuse, or adjustment disorder. Compared to this baseline, HIV-infected subjects had higher rates of adjustment disorder. AIDS patients were also more likely to suffer from organic mental disorder. The rate of unemployment increased as the disease progressed. Major depression was seen in only ten patients, and there were no differences between controls and HIV-infected subjects. Formal assessment of mood state and feelings of pessimism also showed no differences among the groups. The importance of helping improve the patient's lifestyle through the control of alcohol and drug abuse is underscored.
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PMID:Psychiatric morbidity in patients with HIV infection. 156 54

There are not yet unselected studies on psychopathological syndromes in the course of HIV-infection in German-speaking countries. In a group of 55 patients in different stages of the infection two psychiatric explorations were done within an interval of about one year. The findings were analysed by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). The degree of psychosocial functioning was estimated using the GAF-scale (axis 5 of DSM-III-R). The diagnosis of dementia was based on DSM-III-R-criteria. Most of the patients (72%) showed normal or only slightly remarkable psychopathologic findings at both times. A significant increase in psychopathologic conspicuousness in the course of the disease was only found for the subscore BPRS 2 ("anergia"). Dementia was seen in five patients (9%) and only in the stage of manifest immune deficiency syndrome (WR 6). All-together there was only a slight decrease of psychosocial functioning detectable (median on the GAF-scale 75), which only in dementia showed a significant reduction.
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PMID:[Incidence of psychiatric syndromes and the psychosocial functional level of patients with HIV-1 infection]. 157 Mar 72

The results of a study about psychiatric morbility in patients suffering from HIV infection treated in a psychiatric consulting department of a general hospital are presented. Out of one hundred of individuals studied, 93 showed a diagnosis in Axle I according to DSM-IIIR criteria for mental disorders classification. The diagnosis most frequently found was the one of disorders due to drugs dependence, in 41%; organic mental disorder in 29%; adaptation disorders in 15% and affective one in 5% of cases. In sixteen patients of the sample a follow-up was carried out finding ad evolution towards dementia. Diagnostic difficulties of this population and usefulness of carrying out a revision of diagnostic classifications usually employed are debated.
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PMID:[Neuropsychiatric aspects of HIV infection]. 185 24

The most often reported psychiatric complications among HIV-infected outpatients include: mood and anxiety disorders, and alcohol or nonopiate drug abuse. Medical records of 32 HIV-infected psychiatric outpatients in the Netherlands were studied. The most common DSM-III(-R) diagnoses included: major depression (n = 10) and adjustment disorder with depressive or anxious mood (n = 10). The psychiatric treatment of the HIV-infected outpatients did not differ fundamentally from the treatment of other psychiatric outpatients with similar problems. The increasing number of HIV infected patients in the Netherlands living outside of Amsterdam, would appear to urge more education of psychiatric and other health care professionals concerning specific aspects of HIV infection, homosexuality, prostitution and intravenous drug abuse.
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PMID:[Hiv patients in a psychiatric outpatient clinic]. 195 45

HIV infection cannot be treated nor can its spread among those who use drugs be contained unless physicians diagnose and treat drug dependence. Recent changes in the DSM-III definitions simplify diagnosis. It is primarily by the presence and extent of the dependence syndrome that decisions are made regarding early HIV counseling and testing, medical management, referral for drug dependence treatment, and the approach to minimizing disease spread by the patient.
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PMID:The diagnosis of drug dependence by primary care providers. 200 75

Drug taking behaviour(DTES), psychiatric condition(DSM-III-R) and physical health were evaluated in 44 HIV-positive inpatients at a detoxification unit for drug addicts during the period October 1987 to December 1988. The investigation revealed marked psychopathology, especially in terms of personality disorders. The patients were followed up at the end of April 1989. At this time ten patients were abstinent, though all of them remained under care. 26 patients had relapsed to heavy abuse. Four had died. An unfavourable outcome seems to correlate with heavy abuse and poor physical health. We discuss the consequences for existing provisions for treatment, as well as alternative solutions.
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PMID:[Therapeutic and health care needs of HIV positive drug abusers. A study from an emergency institution]. 221 61

Sixty-nine opiate addicts on methadone maintenance programmes at the Drug Treatment Centre were interviewed, all meet DSM. 3 criteria for opioid dependency. Most were young, poorly educated, unemployed and had involvement with both police and prison. Drug abuse started at a young age, all had injected drugs, heroin being the most widely abused opiate. Forty-eight (70%) were HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) positive. Since diagnosis these individuals had made significant changes in their injecting practices and sexual behaviour. However, despite this positive change, there remained a high level of at risk behaviour for further HIV transmission.
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PMID:Risk behaviour for HIV transmission in attenders on methadone maintenance. 239 83


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