Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We conducted a prospective study in order to assess the use of the "ELISA" method (Anda-Tb) for the detection of antibodies IgG and IgM against antigen 60 in mycobacterias for the initial diagnosis of thoracic tuberculosis. 215 serum samples from 44 patients with tuberculosis and 171 control cases were studied. The threshold value for IgG in our environment is 200 U, resulting in a specificity of 98% and a sensitivity of 34%. The IgM test has a low sensitivity, although when combined with the IgG, the sensitivity of the test increases while its specificity is reduced. This method is not useful in patients with HIV infection and immunodepression (AIDS). We have not observed any relationship between the serology and the response to PPD intradermorreaction. We conclude that this method could be used in our environment as a supplementary test, but in any case as a substitute of the traditional microbiological diagnosis.
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PMID:[Usefulness of IgG and IgM detection against antigen 60 in the diagnosis of thoracic tuberculosis]. 833 3

We studied 567 patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis (APT) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, by using a standardized questionnaire and by testing blood for HIV antibodies. The rate of HIV infection was 3.9% in 1987, 4.8% in 1988, and 5.2% in 1989, and did not differ by sex. It was highest (7.4%) in the 15- to 39-year age group. There was no difference between patients infected and not infected by HIV with regard to education, income, housing, or employment. Among all patients with definite HIV risk behavior, the HIV infection rate was 23.3%, rising to 31.2% among homo/bisexual men and 36.4% among intravenous drug users, and the rate was 6.5% for blood-transfusion recipients. Among patients who denied risk behavior, the rate was 1.2%. Generalized lymphadenopathy and oral candidiasis occurred with greater frequency among HIV-infected patients (p < 0.0001). Applying the World Health Organization 1985 clinical criteria and revised case definition for AIDS, we found, respectively, sensitivities of 34% and 76.9% and specificities of 31% and 26.3%; in the Rio de Janeiro environment, these clinical criteria without HIV serology should not be adopted for tuberculosis patients. For chest radiographs, a significant association was found between HIV infection and the occurrence of atypical images (p = 0.0001), and hilar and/or mediastinal adenopathy (p = 0.0002) and absence of cavities (p = 0.0003). A PPD (purified protein derivative) skin test induration of < 5 mm was identified in 53% of the HIV-positive cases and in 31.3% of the HIV-negative cases. Only 11.5% of HIV-infected APT patients met the Centers for Disease Control 1987 AIDS criteria.
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PMID:HIV infection in 567 active pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Brazil. 834 Aug 89

We have presented 73 patients (48 adults and 25 children) with microbiologically documented M. bovis infections identified over the 12-year period from 1980 through 1991. Epidemiologic investigation of these patients revealed that the majority (80%) were of Hispanic origin. The non-Hispanic patients either had traveled extensively outside the United States, were born in the United States during its endemic period or in other countries with endemic bovine tuberculosis, or were exposed to a close relative with a positive PPD and known exposure to M. bovis. For Hispanic patients, the presence of reactivation disease in adults and primary disease in children indicate that this mycobacterium remains endemic in Mexican beef and dairy herds, a position supported by United States monitoring of Mexican cattle transferred across the border. Our review of the historical and contemporary efforts to eradicate this animal and human pathogen from the livestock industry in the United States and abroad shows that the implementation of similar methods could be effective in Mexico. The detailed presentations of selected patients and summaries of the clinical manifestations in the remainder of our 73 patients reveal striking similarities to historical accounts and to more contemporary studies of reactivated disease in England. Although M. bovis infections are still expressed predominantly in extrapulmonary sites (cervical and mesenteric nodes, the peritoneum, and the GU tract), as many as 50% of adult patients will present only with pulmonary disease. Underlying immunosuppressive disorders were particularly prominent in adults with extrapulmonary disease. For example, HIV positive patients accounted for 12 of 48 adults and 1 adolescent patient in our series. Overall, M. bovis infections accounted for almost 3% of all tuberculous disease reported in San Diego County during the study period. The intrinsic resistance of M. bovis to PZA could threaten the response of patients with bovine tuberculosis to the short-course chemotherapeutic regimens now recommended by the CDC and the American Thoracic Society. We strongly recommend continued surveillance for this forgotten pathogen because the importation of Mexican cattle, the migration of Hispanic immigrants from border areas to the United States interior, and the persistence of extrapulmonary disease in immunocompetent and HIV-infected United States citizens assure its persistence in this country.
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PMID:Mycobacterium bovis infections in San Diego: a clinicoepidemiologic study of 73 patients and a historical review of a forgotten pathogen. 842 35

The effect of isoniazid on proliferative response, natural killer (NK) cell activity and lymphocyte subset distribution of blood mononuclear cells (BMNC) was investigated. To evaluate the effect of treatment with isoniazid in pharmacologic concentrations, twenty healthy HIV-seronegative volunteers were randomized into two groups: one group received isoniazid tablets plus pyridoxin tablets once a day for 30 days, the other group received pyridoxin only. Blood samples were collected on day 0 and day 30. Inhibition of the PHA-induced proliferative response was demonstrated in lymphocyte cultures from isoniazid-treated volunteers (p < 0.001). However, no effect was seen on the IL-2- or antigen (PPD)-induced proliferative response or the NK cell activity of isolated BMNC. Inhibition of the PHA-induced proliferative response could not be related to changes in the distribution of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD14, or CD19+ lymphocyte subsets. The effects, in vitro, were investigated by addition of isoniazid to cultures of BMNC isolated from either HIV-seroposive or HIV-seronegative donors who did not receive any treatment. We found that isoniazid did not influence the mitogen- or antigen-stimulated proliferative response or the NK cell activity.
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PMID:Effects of isoniazid treatment on human lymphocyte proliferative response, lymphocyte subsets and natural killer cell activity. 855 25

To determine the impact of a food voucher incentive and patient education program on compliance with tuberculin skin test (PPD, purified protein derivative) performance in HIV-infected adults, we analyzed return rates for PPD reading for patients at our urban HIV clinic. The groups studied included patients who received no intervention (controls), patients offered a food voucher incentive, and patients offered a food voucher and patient education intervention. Return rates for PPD reading were 96 (35%) of 272 for the control group, 111 (48%, p = 0.004) of 229 for the food voucher group, and 96 (61%, p < 0.0001) of 158 for the food voucher and patient education group. By univariate analysis, black patients (p = 0.01), males (p = 0.01), older patients (p = 0.04), city residents (p = 0.001), and injection drug users were more likely to return for PPD reading. By logistic regression, food voucher, food voucher plus education, city residence, and male sex were significantly associated with return for PPD reading. Two simple, inexpensive interventions were found to increase compliance with tuberculin skin test performance in HIV-infected adults. Additional interventions are required to achieve better rates of return for PPD reading.
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PMID:Effects of an incentive and education program on return rates for PPD test reading in patients with HIV infection. 860 90

The authors reviewed the medical records of both mentally ill and non-mentally ill patients in a clinic for the homeless population of New Orleans. The records of all psychiatric patients (n = 52) and a randomly selected comparison group (n = 236) of clinic patients without mental illness were chosen for review. Five of the 52 homeless mentally ill who were tested for HIV had a positive test (9.6%), as did 7 of the 129 homeless people without mental illness (5.4%). Regarding TB, only 5 of the 29 mentally ill tested for TB were PPD positive (17.2%), as compared to 34 (29.3%) of the non-mentally ill, a strong trend (r = 0.11, p = 0.09). Differing trends were found regarding HIV and TB in the two homeless groups under study. Further work with a larger sample is needed to determine the factors, if any, which facilitate the spread of HIV and inhibit that of TB.
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PMID:HIV, TB, and mental illness in a health clinic for the homeless. 869 11

During November 1993-October 1994 tuberculin skin test reactivity (PPD-Thai Red Cross: 0.1 ml of 10 IU) was determined among 399 asymptomatic HIV-1 positive subjects and 405 healthy volunteers, 10% (40/399) had PPD-TRC induration 0-2 mm compared with 4.2% (17/405) (p = 0.001) and 43.4% (173/399) had induration > or = 10 mm compared with 53.8% (218/405) (p = 0.003) of healthy volunteers. However, the percentage of the PPD-TRC induration 5-9 mm was similar among HIV-1 seropositive subjects and healthy volunteers as 37.6% (150/399) vs 34.8% (141/405) (p = 0.4). The mean PPD-TRC reaction of HIV-seropositive subjects were 6.4 +/- 0.9 mm vs. 11.0 +/- 0.5 mm among those with CD4 lymphocyte counts 200-299 cells/mm3 compared with those > or = 300 cells/mm3 (p < 0.001). We provide support for use of induration of > or = 5 mm of PPD-TRC skin reaction for evidence of latent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the CDC recommendation in asymptomatic HIV-seropositive subjects. Consideration of tuberculosis chemoprophylaxis should have benefit, particularly in areas where M.tuberculosis is highly prevalent such as Thailand. However, among HIV-1 seropositive carriers with negative tuberculin (PPD-TRC) skin tests, there needs to be a careful evaluation and follow-up for evidence of tuberculous infection.
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PMID:A comparative study of tuberculin skin test reactivity between asymptomatic HIV-1 seropositive subjects and healthy volunteers. 870 42

This study was a prospective screening study for PPD and anergy skin test reactivity in 304 HIV-positive individuals. A PPD positivity rate of 4.1% and an anergy rate of 50.5% were observed. The Hawaii HIV population has a relatively low prevalence of latent TB compared with the high prevalence of TB in the Hawaii population at large.
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PMID:PPD skin reactivity and anergy in HIV-infected patients in Hawaii. 870 47

Spontaneous rosette formation with sheep red cells, lymphocyte blast-transformation in the presence of PHA and PPD, estimation of cells carrying CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, EKK-antigens were studied in 208 HIV-negative adult patients with destructive tuberculosis of the lungs. The sputum from 87 of them contained M. tuberculosis sensitive to antituberculous drugs. M. tuberculosis from 121 of them were resistant to drugs. It was found that patients discharging drug-resistant M. tuberculosis had significantly more frequent suppression of T-cell immunity than patients whose M. tuberculosis were sensitive to chemotherapy.
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PMID:[The immunity status of pulmonary tuberculosis patients excreting drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis]. 890 76

This study aims to determine the prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and its association with HIV and other health risk factors among drug users. A sample of 716 IDUs and crack users were enrolled from community sites. Consenting subjects were tested for HIV serum antibody status. Drug users with an unknown PPD status were administered a PPD skin test and an anergy panel of three antigens (Candida, mumps and tetanus). Overall, 68 (10.3%) were reactive to the PPD skin test, 240 (34.7%) were HIV positive and 195 (29.5%) showed cutaneous anergy. Participants infected with tuberculosis (TB) were more likely to be HIV seropositive, and to have a history of incarceration and residential drug treatment than those not infected. In addition, TB infection was more prevalent among intravenous drug users (IDUs) and shooting gallery managers. These findings suggest that drug users should be considered at high risk for TB and HIV infection. Innovative programs to monitor both infections among drug users are needed to arrest what can become a dual epidemic of HIV and TB in the near future.
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PMID:Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among crack and injection drug users in San Juan, Puerto Rico. 899 90


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