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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In this open-label, randomized, parallel-groups study the Authors compare the parenteral administration of a beta-lactamase inhibitor associated with a semisynthetic penicillin (sulbactam-ampicillin) with the oral administration of a 3rd-generation quinolone (ofloxacin), in 20 HIV-infected subjects suffering from lower respiratory tract (LRT) infections. 12 patients were classified as AIDS, 6 as ARC (AIDS related complex) and 2 as asymptomatic seropositives. The risk of becoming HIV-infected and the work load for the health staff were also evaluated. The clinical and microbiological results indicate that oral ofloxacin is as effective as parenteral sulbactam-ampicillin for the treatment of LRT infections in HIV-positive individuals. In addition, the members of the health staff reported significantly less difficulty in administering ofloxacin in respect to sulbactam-ampicillin.
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PMID:AIDS patients with bacterial lower respiratory tract infections: treatment with ofloxacin versus sulbactam-ampicillin. 128 39

In a prospective investigation infections of the upper extremity are examined with respect to incidence, bacterial pathogens, operative or conservative treatment, and duration of disability for work. A total of 255 patients (pts) (170 men, 85 women; mean age 37 years, range 16-85) were entered into the study. In a 12-month period 163 (64%) were treated as outpatients, the condition of 92 pts (36%) required hospitalisation. Conservative and operative treatment was performed in 82 (32%) and 173 (68%) pts, respectively. Conservative treatment included fixation by cast as well as antibiotics (penicillinase resistant penicillin), usually given by the oral route for a mean of 4 days. Surgical procedures consisted of excision and debridement. Intraoperatively intravenous antibiotics were instituted for a mean of 3 days, followed by oral application for another 4 days. In 135 of 173 pts who underwent surgery, sufficient material for bacterial culture was obtained. There was a polymicrobial infection in 50% of pts. Most common isolated pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus, beta-hemolytical streptococci group A, and indigenous skin flora in 34%, 21%, and 11%, respectively. Among the 255 pts there were 26 HIV-positive iv drug abusers, who suffered from abscesses at injection sites. The infections in these immunocompromised HIV-positive pts did not reveal differences with respect to number and species of isolated pathogens as compared to immunocompetent pts. Resistant bacteria were not found. Response to treatment was satisfactory usually within a few days in all but 12 pts (4.7%) in which the failure could be attributed to inadequate primary debridement.
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PMID:[Prospective analysis of infections of the upper extremity]. 159 33

The results of the development and trials of two variants of EIA test system for the detection of HIV-1 antigen using biotinated HIV-antibody and streptavidin-peroxidase or biotin-beta-lactamase enzyme complexes are presented. These diagnostic preparations proved to be highly sensitive and specific allowing the detection of the antigen in the blood of HIV-infected subjects.
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PMID:[Immunoenzyme test systems for detecting the HIV antigen and a trial of their use in examining HIV-infected subjects]. 178 74

By using three different linkage methods with carbodiimide, glutaraldehyde and periodite, immunoenzyme conjugates of beta-lactamase from Bacillus licheniformis 749/c and horse radish peroxidase with human antibodies to HIV-1 were prepared. The human antibodies were purified by the affinity procedure on Protein-A-Sepharose 6B. The conjugates were tested in a solid phase immunoenzymatic system for the HIV-1 antigen. It was shown that the conjugates prepared by the carbodiimide linkage method had the highest titer, the beta-lactamase conjugate being superior by its titer to the respective peroxidase conjugate. In the lyophilized state the conjugates prepared with the carbodiimide linkage method were stable.
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PMID:[Preparation of immunoenzyme conjugates of beta-lactamase from Bacillus licheniformis 749/c and horseradish peroxidase with human antibodies to HIV-1]. 179 87

Based on a variety of independent assays, the expression of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus type 1) protease in living bacterial cells results in their loss of viability. Although the mechanism is not proven, we have observed degradation of cellular proteins in E. coli expressing large amounts of active HIV protease. In order to avoid the loss of viability, we devised an expression system in which the viral protease is fused to beta-lactamase and is rapidly secreted to the periplasmic space, thus reducing its duration in the cytosol. Furthermore, we find the periplasmic form of the protease is soluble and enzymatically is several-fold more active than enzyme recovered from intracellular aggregates. The question of whether the viral protease may be toxic to infected cells is discussed.
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PMID:An E. coli expression system which detoxifies the HIV protease. 180 36

Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmissible disease (STD) characteristic of a core group of individuals and their contacts. From the experience of a Sydney STD clinic, as well as local and national population-based reports, trends in heterosexually acquired gonorrhoea in Australia over a decade were examined. An overall decline of 90% in case numbers between 1981 and 1989 was found, with an average yearly decline of 30%. The improved compliance with condom use by Sydney prostitutes and their clients could have been a major factor. This occurred in an environment of peer and public education about AIDS and the decriminalisation of prostitution. Improved health professional training and public access to specialist STD services against a background of demographic changes may also have contributed. However a persistent "seeding" of penicillinase-producing strains of gonorrhoea from Southeast Asia through men not using condoms was detected. These data have potential implications for the importation of heterosexually acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection into Australia.
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PMID:Heterosexual gonorrhoea in central Sydney: implications for HIV control. 149 37

In the registration of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) carried out by the nursing staff in the STD clinics the share of the immigrant populations of Turkish, Moroccan, Surinam and Antilles origin was investigated for the period 1986-89. In the total population of STD patients the immigrants appear to be overrepresented. Their share has increased from one-eight to one-fifth of the total number of STD cases. The STD rates (number of cases per 1000) for the Turkish and Moroccan populations are high, even after adjusting for population size and age. High STD rates are most apparent among males, especially among Turkish males. In comparison with the Dutch population more gonorrhoea is found among immigrants, in particular penicillinase producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG). Turkish males (and prostitutes) contributed much to this relatively high prevalence. Further research is to be initiated in order to obtain better insight into the occurrence of STD among immigrant populations in The Netherlands, especially in connection with a potentially increased risk of infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
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PMID:[Sexually transmissible disorders in allochtonous population groups; a pilot study]. 192 82

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) are a major health problem all over the world. The diseases are often spread by unsuspecting asymptomatic individuals. One important means of controlling STD is thus the identification of asymptomatic persons. The purposes of this thesis were a) to describe methods of identifying infected individuals through contact tracing and screening, b) to evaluate contact tracing routines, c) to compare epidemiological characteristics of two different groups of chlamydia-infected women and their partners and d) to see if data from contact tracing could be used in a model describing partner choice and STD spread. A microepidemic of penicillinase-producing gonococci was effectively controlled through contact tracing by cooperating counsellors. Serotyping of gonococci and graphic description proved of great help in mapping the contact chain. Contact tracing integrated in the psychosocial long-term care of HIV-infected patients resulted in identification of a great number of previously unidentified individuals. Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) among asymptomatic patients of family planning clinics revealed a 7.3% Ct prevalence. Four factors were significantly correlated to the risk of being infected: age 18-23, duration of present relationship less than 1 year, failure to use condoms and no previous history of genital infection. Abstention from testing was especially high in areas with low socio-economic status. In these areas, increased resources for health care are needed. Five different levels of management of Ct infections were compared. Increased measures to verify that reported partners were examined decreased reinfections and after Ct was included in the STD Act more reported partners than before came for examination. Index patients found by chlamydia screening and their partners have a lower average number of recent partners than index patients visiting an STD clinic and their partners. Partners of female patients in the STD clinic group were also more often Ct-positive. The differences between the groups are small and do not justify different ambitions in partner management. Choice of steady partner was rather restricted and choice of casual partner followed a more random pattern. Our data thus do not support a pure random mixing model for STD spread.
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PMID:An epidemiological approach to sexually transmitted diseases--with special reference to contact tracing and screening. 192 7

The enzyme beta-lactamase (penicillin-amido-beta-lactam-hydrolase, EC 3.5.2.6.) has been shown to be suitable for use in ELISA procedures. The assay proposed requires a conjugate containing a beta-lactam-hydrolase as the enzymatic component, penicillin or one of its derivatives as substrate and an iodic complex (an iodine-starch or an iodine-polyvinylic alcohol complex) as the chromogenic component. Binding of conjugate molecules results in the transition of the iodic complex from dark blue to colourless. The transition is readily visualized without the aid of an EIA reader. The decolorization occurs specifically giving a clear-cut yes/no decision without a cut-off value. The rate of the colour transition strongly depends on the amount of bound conjugate. beta-lactamase-based ELISA techniques are of potential use in the immunological diagnosis of some virus diseases. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay were assessed on a panel of 670 negative and 141 positive HIV-1 sera, giving values of 100% and 99.85%, respectively.
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PMID:A simple ELISA procedure for HIV-1 based on the enzyme beta-lactamase. 206 17

Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains resistant to treatment with penicillin, tetracycline, and/or spectinomycin are increasing in prevalence in many parts of the world. In Zambia, 52% of N. gonorrhoeae isolates produced beta-lactamase in 1986. Few oral regimens have proven effective for treatment of resistant N. gonorrhoeae. We conducted a prospective, double-blind, randomized clinical trial of 250 mg of ciprofloxacin given orally versus 250 mg of ceftriaxone given intramuscularly for treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis in adult males. Two hundred men were enrolled and treated. The two groups were comparable in age (27.5 years), prevalence of latent syphilis (14 and 10%), and human immunodeficiency virus infection (32 and 38%). Of 165 patients with cultures positive for N. gonorrhoeae who returned for follow-up, ciprofloxacin cured 83 of 83 (100%), including 26 with penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae (PPNG) and 21 with N. gonorrhoeae with chromosomally mediated resistance to multiple antibiotics (CMRNG), and ceftriaxone cured 81 of 82 (98.7%), including 30 with PPNG and 19 with CMRNG. Both treatment regimens were well tolerated. Chlamydia trachomatis in urethral exudate was found by direct fluorescent-antibody microscopic examination or by culture in 10 (5%) participants. All N. gonorrhoeae isolates were inhibited by ceftriaxone at 0.06 micrograms/ml, except one which was inhibited at 0.125 micrograms/ml, while ciprofloxacin inhibited all isolates at 0.03 micrograms/ml. Ciprofloxacin is a safe and effective therapy for uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis, including that caused by PPNG and CMRNG in human immunodeficiency virus-infected men.
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PMID:Oral ciprofloxacin versus ceftriaxone for the treatment of urethritis from resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Zambia. 211 96


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