Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Within one year a 46-year-old HIV-positive man developed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, candida oesophagitis and recurrent mucocutaneous herpes simplex infections. He finally developed a constant fever without any infection-localizing features. There was pancytopenia, increased activities of the transaminases, lactate dehydrogenase, amylase and lipase, as well as diffuse ST-segment changes in the ECG and discrete pulmonary infiltrates. The anti-toxoplasmosis titre was 8 IU/ml. Despite extensive diagnostic tests no firm diagnosis could be established. The pulmonary infiltrate and the fever regressed under antibiotic treatment with co-trimoxazole. Two months later his general condition deteriorated again with some disorientation and subfebrile temperature, epididymitis and renewed rise in abnormal laboratory values. For the first time computed tomography showed some punctate contrast-medium concentrations in the subcortical area and the medulla. The patient died on the same day. Histological material obtained at the time of autopsy revealed pseudocysts with Toxoplasma gondii and necrotizing inflammation in the brain, myocardium and lungs, as well as the entire gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts. In addition, cytomegalovirus infection of the lung and adrenals was demonstrated. Anti-toxoplasmosis IgG titre, determined postmortem, again registered a marked rise to 251 IU/ml. This suggests that there was reactivation of the toxoplasmosis as part of the immunosuppression process.
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PMID:[Disseminated toxoplasmosis in AIDS]. 838 78

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is the most common neoplasm in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, information about the presenting features of pulmonary KS is limited. To describe the clinical, laboratory, and radiographic features of pulmonary KS, medical records and chest radiographs of 168 patients with pulmonary KS diagnosed by bronchoscopy during a 7-yr period were reviewed. All of the patients were HIV-seropositive males, of whom 95% identified homosexual or bisexual sex as a risk factor for HIV infection. The median CD4 lymphocyte count was 19 cells/microliter. The most common symptoms were cough, dyspnea, and fever. Patients with a concurrent opportunistic pneumonia had a higher median serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentration than did those with pulmonary KS alone (p<0.001). The most common chest radiograph findings were bronchial-wall thickening, nodules, Kerley B lines, and pleural effusions. The presence of granular opacities or cystic spaces usually indicated concomitant Pneumocystitis carinii pneumonia (p < 0.001). Twenty-six patients (15.5%, 95% CI = 10.2% to 20.8%) had pulmonary KS in the absence of mucocutaneous involvement. The presentation of pulmonary KS is characterized by symptoms that cannot be distinguished from those of a superimposed infection. An elevated serum LDH concentration or a chest radiograph with granular opacities or cystic spaces should raise the suspicion of concurrent opportunistic pneumonia. The diagnosis of pulmonary KS should be considered in an HIV-infected homosexual or bisexual male with respiratory symptoms even in the absence of mucocutaneous lesions.
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PMID:Presentation of AIDS-related pulmonary Kaposi's sarcoma diagnosed by bronchoscopy. 861 70

During 1988-89 the medical department of the S. M. Kirov hospital diagnosed 50 HIV-infected military personnel who had contracted the disease in Africa. Among 270,000 prisoners from 17 countries the rate of HIV infection ranged from 11% to 26%. Among US Army recruits the rate of HIV seropositivity was found to be 1.5%. Among Navy soldiers the rate was 0.24%. During 1985-87, in the navies of different countries, 2051 men had contracted HIV infection, most of whom had no idea about transmission and prevention. At the Kirov military hospital during 1988-89 a comparison of HIV infection rate was made involving 545 people. Among foreigners the rate was 17.2 times higher than among citizens. In a massive screening experiment involving 47,447 people in Kalmykia a rate of 2.9% was found among local citizens compared to 1.9% among foreigners. Diagnosis relies on various antibody tests, of which the Welcozyme test system has yielded only a 2.3% rate of false positive results. In 1989 the immunological status of 73 false positive results from 20 HIV-infected people was examined. These investigations revealed that the absolute amount of T-4 cells, the index of differentiation of T-4/T-8, and the functional activity of lymphocytes diminished in the infected people, while a slight increase of T-8 count did occur. The study of the blood lymphocytes showed that in the infected people the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and mitochondrial isoforms of malate dehydrogenase decreased somewhat, while the activity of succinate dehydrogenase and especially of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase increased. In persons infected with HIV, the T- suppressor cell count increased and T-helper cell count decreased, which leads to the decrease of the functional indices of the immune system. Military health services are obliged to inform the servicemen about AIDs for health protection and the spouses of those infected with HIV should also be notified.
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PMID:[The military medical aspects of HIV infection]. 865 53

The mechanism for the pathological increase in cell death in various disease states e.g. HIV immunodefficiency or even ageing or Alzheimer's disease, occurs by complex and as yet undefined mechanism(s) related to immunological, virological or biochemical disturbances (i.e. energy depletion, oxidative stress, increased protein degradation). We have studied mitochondrial uncoupling or inhibitor toxicity on neurones at the cellular level and at the mitochondrial level using rhodamine (Rh123) and 10-nonylacridine orange (NAO) fluorescence with confocal microscopy. Blockade of the mitochondrial chain complexes at various points was studied. The possible protective effects of the compound L-carnitine, which plays a central role in mitochondrial function, was tested in this form of neurotoxicity. It appears that L-carnitine and its acetylated form, acetyl-L-carnitine, can attenuate the cell damage, as assessed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, evoked by the uncoupler, p-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhdyrazone (FCCP), or by the inhibitors, 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) or rotenone. Further, the FCCP-induced inhibition of Rh123 uptake was antagonized by the preincubation of cells with L-carnitine. Since such neurotoxic mechanisms may be operating in the various pathological forms of myotoxicity and neurotoxicity, these observations suggest potential for a therapeutic approach.
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PMID:Protective actions of L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine on the neurotoxicity evoked by mitochondrial uncoupling or inhibitors. 873 90

The human teratocarcinoma cell line NTera 2 (NT2) can be induced to differentiate into post-mitotic neurons possessing well-defined axonal and dendritic morphology. Highly enriched neurons (NT2-N cells) can be prepared in large numbers, thus combining many of the advantages of both primary and continuous cell culture systems. Unfortunately, it has proven difficult to express foreign genes in NT2-N cells. We examined whether vaccinia virus (VV) can express heterologous proteins in NT2-N cells and characterized the response of NT2-N cells to VV infection. NT2-N cells were infected with VV vectors expressing the envelope glycoprotein (gp160) from the human immunodeficiency type 1 virus (HIV 1). These vectors were chosen because VV-directed synthesis and post-translational processing of gp160 have been well characterized in many cell types. Approximately 85% of the neurons expressed gp160 which underwent native post-translational cleavage. The rate of gp160 synthesis was maximal at 5-48 hours postinfection, but was detectable for as long as 4 days. Surprisingly, NT2-N cells showed no VV-induced alterations in morphology, downregulation of host protein synthesis, or cytotoxicity, as measured by lactate dehydrogenase release. These results indicate that VV can serve as an efficient vector for introducing foreign genes in NT2-N cells without the cytotoxic effects often associated with VV infection. These properties, in conjunction with the advantages provided by NT2-N cells, provide new options for analyzing the cellular and molecular functions of human neurons.
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PMID:Vaccinia virus serves as an efficient vector for expressing heterologous proteins in human NTera 2 neurons. 891 Jul 30

The impairment of humoral immunity with rapid turn-over of cellular B clones in children with HIV infection is known as well as the conduct of LDH isoenzymes in B cell lymphoproliferative diseases like Burkitt's lymphoma. Therefore, serum lactate-dehydrogenase activity (LD, EC 1.1.1.27) and its isoenzymes have been evaluated twice (within 12 months) in 11 children with HIV infection with respect to a control group (30 subjects). Furthermore, the relationship between those and other clinical and immunologic parameters (total lymphocytes, CD4/CD8, immunoglobulins, classification according to the Atlanta CDC 1987) has been studied. HIV infected children have shown a significant decrease in LD1 rates, which was directly correlated to CD4/CD8 values. After the follow-up, this correlation became even more significant. Thus, these findings may suggest the usefulness of LDH isoenzymes evaluation as a marker of disease activity in children with HIV infection.
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PMID:[Serum lactate-dehydrogenase isoenzymes in HIV positive children. A longitudinal study]. 899 78

Syntheses for the new photosensitizers HOSiPcOSi(CH3)2(CH2)3N(CH1)1 or 3(CH3)2, Pc 34 and Pc 25, have been developed and the order of activity of these photosensitizers and the previously reported photosensitizer Pc 4, HOSiPcOSi(CH3)2(CH2)3N(CH3)2, in the dark and with broad-band red light toward Plasmodium falciparum in red blood cell (RBC) suspensions has been studied. The order of activity has been found to be Pc 4 > Pc 34 > Pc 25. Thus, the activity of the photosensitizers under both sets of conditions is inversely proportional to the length of their terminal amino alkyl chains. The 50% inhibition dye concentration (IC50) in the dark for the parasites in RBC suspension with Pc 4 is 24 nM and the dye concentration and light fluence that yield > or = 3 log10 of parasite inactivation with Pc 4 are 2 microM and 3 J/cm2, respectively. The synthesis of DNA and proteins by the parasites in culture was strongly inhibited by Pc 4 in the dark while parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) activity was unaffected. With Pc 4 and light, DNA and protein synthesis of the parasites in culture was strongly inhibited, pLDH activity of the parasites was moderately inhibited and ribosome density of the parasite cells was reduced. Gel electrophoresis studies showed that synthesis of all parasite proteins was inhibited to a similar extent. These results suggest that Pc 4 both in the dark and with light inactivates the cells by disturbing their machinery for the synthesis of not just one but a whole series of proteins. It is concluded that Pc 4 and light may be able to serve as a practical sterilization combination not only for HIV and other viruses but also for malaria parasites in RBC concentrates, and that Pc 4 by itself may have potential as a chemotherapeutic agent toward malaria.
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PMID:Structure-activity and mechanism studies on silicon phthalocyanines with Plasmodium falciparum in the dark and under red light. 927 50

The AIDS dementia complex (ADC) is a consequence of excessive immune activation driven at least in part by systemic HIV infection and probably brain infection. Quinolinic acid (QUIN) is a neurotoxic tryptophan metabolite produced by macrophages in response to stimulation with cytokines or infection with HIV-1. Consequently it has been implicated in ADC pathogenesis. However, macrophages infected with HIV-1 synthesize numerous neurotoxic substances. Therefore we conducted experiments using human fetal brain tissue to determine the relative importance of QUIN as a neurotoxin in ADC. Human macrophages were infected with HIV-1 in vitro using a viral isolate from a demented patient. 6-Chloro-D-tryptophan, an inhibitor of QUIN biosynthesis, was added to half the macrophage cultures to block formation of QUIN. Supernatants containing QUIN (SQpos) or in which QUIN biosynthesis had been inhibited (SQneg) were then added to human fetal brain aggregate cultures. Toxicity was evaluated using lactate dehydrogenase efflux, trypan blue exclusion, immunohistochemistry, image analysis, and electron microscopy. Each technique showed a reduction of toxicity in SQneg-treated cultures. These studies confirm the significance of QUIN as a neurotoxin in ADC and suggest that neuroprotective strategies may have a place in the treatment of this disease.
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PMID:Kynurenine pathway inhibition reduces neurotoxicity of HIV-1-infected macrophages. 940 65

The functional state of HIV-infected monocytes in 153 persons aged 20-59 years was studied. It was characterized by an increase in the production of monokines (TNF-alpha, IL1 beta) at stages IIB-IIIA, pronounced activation of the synthesis of DNA at stages IIB-IIC of the disease due to mass intracellular production of viral proteins. At the same stages an increase in the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and a decrease in the activity of succinate dehydrogenase were noted, which was indicative of an increase in the intensity of the process of anaerobic oxygenation at early of infection with the simultaneous decrease of the intensity of the tricarbon acid cycle and the subsequent suppression of the immunoregulating properties of monocytes.
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PMID:[The role of mononuclear phagocytes in the immunopathogenesis of HIV infection]. 946 Aug 66

Activation of brain glial cells with the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the HIV-1 coat protein gp120, or beta-amyloid-derived peptides, stimulates the expression of several cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-6. and nitric oxide (NO) which have been proposed as causes of neurodegeneration in the brain. In the present study, the neurotoxic effects of several cytokines, alone or in various combinations, and the correlations of the release of lactate dehydrogenase, the loss of neurons, and the secretion of NO in brain neuronal cell injury were investigated in murine primary mixed neuronal/glial cell cultures. A specific combination of cytokines, i.e., IL-1 (1 ng/ml)+ TNFalpha (10 ng/ml)/interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) (200 u/ml), induced a dramatic neuronal cell injury in the neuron/glia cultures, and its cytotoxic profile was very similar to that seen with the LPS/IFNgamma-induced neuron injury. This indicates that among the many toxic immune mediators secreted in response to LPS, IL-1 and TNFalpha can mimic LPS as the triggering signals and primary mediators for glia-mediated neuron injury in the presence of IFNgamma. This study provides new insights about the cytotoxic mechanism(s) for cytokine-mediated neuron injury.
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PMID:Synergistic neurotoxic effects of combined treatments with cytokines in murine primary mixed neuron/glia cultures. 962 92


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