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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An HIV information exchange was established to provide district health authorities (DHAs) with current demographic and epidemiological data on residents infected with HIV. Reporters in each DHA in the Thames regions were asked to collect information about all HIV infected individuals treated within their districts during 1993. The information was collated at the PHLS AIDS Centre and summary tables were distributed to the DHAs involved describing their residents. We received reports of 7760 people infected with HIV and who were treated in the Thames regions in 1993. Thirty-five per cent were treated outside the region where they lived, 22% were treated within their region but outside their district of residence, and 43% were treated in the DHA where they lived. For 30 of the 38 DHAs the number of resident patients exceeded the number treated within the district. This exchange of information between DHA of treatment and DHA of residence showed that it is possible to provide summaries of current HIV case loads based on place of residence without compromising confidentiality. It also confirmed that many patients choose to be treated away from their area of residence.
Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 1995 Jul 21
PMID:People who travel to be treated for HIV infection: keeping track for care management. 766 5

Unlinked anonymous HIV-1 testing of neonatal samples routinely collected for metabolic screening is now carried out in many parts of the United Kingdom. The purpose of this study was to assess the completeness of screening coverage in infants born to women known to be infected with HIV-1. Research nurses at family HIV clinics in three London hospitals searched for Guthrie cards from all infants born to known infected residents of North East, North West, and South West Thames regions over a 32 month period. If no card was found initially, mothers were approached for more information. Overall coverage was estimated to be 96.4% (94.6% in infants of African origin and 100% in white infants). These figures are similar to recent general population coverage estimates in inner London. We conclude that the anonymous newborn HIV testing programme is providing sufficiently accurate information on both absolute levels and time trends in maternal seroprevalence.
Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 1995 Jul 21
PMID:Coverage of routine neonatal metabolic screening in children born to women known to be infected with HIV-1. 766 6

Unlinked anonymous surveys are being conducted on accessible sentinel populations in order to monitor the prevalence of HIV infection in England and Wales. These populations have been selected either because of, or regardless of, their risks for HIV infection. Results are presented for specimens collected between January 1990 and July 1992 from 41,461 genito-urinary medicine clinic attenders, 5394 injecting drug users, 296,396 antenatal clinic attenders, 49,009 neonatal dried blood spots, and 32,796 hospital patients aged 16 to 49 years. The prevalences of HIV infection in persons attending two genito-urinary medicine clinics in London, and who were not known to have injected drugs, were 21% for homo/bisexual men, 1% for heterosexual men, and 0.6% for heterosexual women. At four clinics outside London, the corresponding prevalences were 5%, 0.3% and 0.2%, respectively. Of the homo/bisexual men who were found to be HIV infected by unlinked anonymous testing, 26% (229 out of 872) had presented with an acute sexually transmitted disease. Six per cent of male and 6.5% of female injecting drug users attending centres in London in 1991 and 1992 were infected with HIV compared with 0.8% of male and 0.4% of female injecting drug users elsewhere. The HIV infection rate was five times higher in injecting drug users who had had a previous HIV test (2.7%) than in those never previously tested (0.5%). In antenatal clinic attenders in London, HIV prevalence was twenty times higher than in pregnant women elsewhere (0.21% vs 0.01%) but there was considerable variation in prevalence between individual centres. A comparison between unlinked anonymous data and OPCS data for the 15 London centres suggested that the fraction of HIV prevalence in pregnant women at each centre attributable to the proportion of births to mothers born in Africa was between 20% and 100%. However, much of the variation in prevalence was unexplained, so that firm conclusions cannot be made about this relationship. The survey of neonatal dried blood spots showed HIV prevalence in South-East London to be 40 times the rate outside London. The prevalence of HIV infection at two London district hospitals in patients aged 16 to 49 years, from specialties which usually deal with illness not known to be associated with HIV infection, was 0.6% for men and 0.2% for women.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 1993 Jan 01
PMID:Unlinked anonymous monitoring of HIV prevalence in England and Wales: 1990-92. 768 16

We describe a new active surveillance system for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the West Midlands region, a National Health Service administrative area in central England serving a population of five million. A detailed, confidential dataset is collected on each case of HIV infection identified through laboratory reporting of positive HIV antibody tests. The consultant in communicable disease control in each district health authority responsible for the surveillance of infectious disease collects and updates the data, which are then shared with staff at the regional health authority (RHA) who maintain a regional database. Regular reports from this database allow local monitoring of the epidemic and the equitable allocation of resources.
Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 1993 Aug 13
PMID:Active surveillance of HIV infection in the West Midlands. 769 72

In the period 1985-1992, 176 significant occupational exposures to HIV were reported to the PHLS Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre. The outcome at three months post exposure was reported for 134 (76%) incidents. Ninety-nine of these involved percutaneous exposure to HIV-infected blood or serum; two resulted in seroconversion, one following the use of zidovudine post exposure. Under-reporting of significant exposures may have been considerable. However, the observed transmission rate, of 2%, is not inconsistent with other estimates. Two other documented seroconversions after occupational exposure have been reported, making a total of four health care workers known to have acquired HIV infection after occupational exposure in the UK. Another six UK health care workers have possible occupationally acquired HIV infections. Five of these probably became infected while working in adverse conditions in Africa; the other while working with HIV-infected patients in the United States and Europe. A summary of current good practice of post exposure management is provided. Practitioners providing post exposure care are asked to contribute to the national surveillance scheme. Initial reporting of significant occupational exposures, and of serological outcome at a minimum of six months post exposure, should be regarded as integral to satisfactory post exposure management.
Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 1993 Oct 08
PMID:Health care workers and HIV: surveillance of occupationally acquired infection in the United Kingdom. 769 32

In the late 1980s, notifications of tuberculosis stopped their former steady decline. There has been speculation as to why this should be so, with much interest centred on a possible association with the HIV epidemic. Notification rates are higher in persons of Indian subcontinent ethnic origin compared with the indigenous white population. Changes in the size and structure of the former population subgroup may have contributed to the recent increase in notifications in some areas. The absence of data on ethnic group in routinely collected data has led to the recommendation that special surveys should be conducted to clarify the contribution of ethnic minorities to the occurrence of tuberculosis in the UK. One such survey has been carried out in the West Midlands, where notifications increased by 27% between 1987 and 1989. Notification rates were found to vary widely by age, sex, district of residence and ethnic group; the highest notification rates occurring in older females of Indian subcontinent origin. These differences help to explain the increase in the absolute number of notifications and suggest that certain population subgroups warrant special attention.
Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 1993 Oct 08
PMID:Tuberculosis in the West Midlands, 1990-1991. 769 33

A specimen of cerebrospinal fluid was initially handled with 'category 3' precautions because the patient came from Somalia, where tuberculosis and HIV infection are endemic. An isolate from the specimen, initially thought to be a Neisseria species, was subsequently handled on the open bench. It was later identified as Brucella melitensis. Laboratory procedures should allow for the possibility of brucella in such specimens until a positive identification has been made.
Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 1995 Mar 31
PMID:Brucella melitensis: an unexpected isolate from cerebrospinal fluid. 773 52

Cadavers may pose infection hazards to people who handle them. None of the organisms that caused mass death in the past--for example, plague, cholera, typhoid, tuberculosis, anthrax, smallpox--is likely to survive long in buried human remains. Items such as mould spores or lead dust are much greater risks to those involved in exhumations. Infectious conditions and pathogens in the recently deceased that present particular risks include tuberculosis, group A streptococcal infection, gastrointestinal organisms, the agents that cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease), hepatitis B and C viruses, HIV, and possibly meningitis and septicaemia (especially meningococcal). The use of appropriate protective clothing and the observance of Control of Substances Hazardous to Health regulations, will protect all who handle cadavers against infectious hazards.
Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 1995 Apr 28
PMID:The infection hazards of human cadavers. 774 55

Funeral directors, control of infection officers, chief environmental health officers, and consultants in communicable disease control were surveyed to identify the sources and nature of advice about infectious hazards from the deceased available to undertakers. They were asked about management responsibilities, policies, particular activities (viewing, hygienic preparation, bagging, embalming, and final disposal by burial or cremation), specific diseases (hepatitis B, HIV infection, tuberculosis, meningitis, septicaemia, and salmonellosis), and repatriation. A wide range of opinions and advice was received on each topic. Medical personnel need a greater understanding of the work of funeral directors. Policies based on a realistic assessment of risk should be agreed.
Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 1995 Apr 28
PMID:Infection in the deceased: a survey of management. 774 56

Experience with hepatitis B suggests that the risk of HIV transmission from a health care worker infected with HIV to a patient will be greatest during major surgical procedures. The number of patients worldwide who are known to have undergone such procedures, been notified, and subsequently tested is still too small to be confident that the risk of HIV transmission in these circumstances is negligible. We describe a patient notification exercise, undertaken in the United Kingdom in 1991. Attempts were made to contact 1217 patients, in three health districts (A, B, and C), who had undergone surgical procedures performed by an obstetrician/gynaecologist who was infected with HIV. The exercise aimed to offer the patients reassurance, counselling and--if they wished--HIV testing. One thousand one hundred and forty-two patients (94%) were contacted, and all 520 who elected to be tested were negative for anti-HIV. The proportion of identified patients tested was 63% in district A, 35% in district B, and 61% in district C. Surgical procedures were classified retrospectively according to the likely risk (none, possible, or high) of exposure to the doctor's blood and, therefore, risk of HIV transmission. One hundred and ninety-five of those tested had undergone a procedure that carried a high risk of exposure; 179 had undergone a procedure thought to carry no risk. Patients in districts A and C who had undergone a procedure that carried a high risk of exposure were more likely to be tested than those who had not; 206 patients overall had undergone procedures that carried a high risk of exposure but were not subsequently tested.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 1994 Oct 14
PMID:Outcome of an exercise to notify patients treated by an obstetrician/gynaecologist infected with HIV-1. 778 20


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