Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) was first recognised in 1986 and subsequently the infection was shown to be widespread in West Africa. There have been few case reports from countries outside the African continent. In North America and Europe the highest number of infections have been in Portugal and France. Twelve HIV-2 infections have been identified in the United Kingdom (UK) and nine of the twelve had some connection with Africa, mostly West Africa; in three cases only "sub-Saharan Africa" was stated on the report, and one was from Mozambique. The other three HIV-2 infections were identified as follows: one in stored sera from a man who died in 1978, one in a child from Portugal who was diagnosed in the UK as having Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in 1985, and one in a homosexual man who was tested unlinked and anonymously in London in 1987. It is not known how many of the total number of UK HIV-2 infections are represented by these twelve, but among large numbers of blood donors and people attending genitourinary medicine clinics the occurrence of infection was rare.
CDR (Lond Engl Rev) 1991 Feb 01
PMID:HIV-2 in the United Kingdom--a review. 166 65

One hundred and seventy AIDS cases and 547 HIV-1 antibody positive reports of infection in persons who are presumed to have become infected by sexual intercourse between men and women abroad are reviewed. Eighty three percent of people with AIDS and 99% of HIV-1 infected persons were reported to have been exposed in countries where heterosexual spread of HIV infection is well documented (i.e. WHO patterns II or I/II - see below). African countries were commonly cited. The group that had been exposed heterosexually in pattern II or I/II countries was young, and males slightly outnumbered females. Persons who are presumed to have become infected with HIV-1 through heterosexual contact abroad make up a heterogeneous group of travellers which includes holiday makers, business persons, students, refugees and immigrants. Research is needed to identify travellers whose high risk behaviour makes them vulnerable to HIV-1 infection, and to develop effective health education measures for them.
CDR (Lond Engl Rev) 1991 Mar 29
PMID:Travel, heterosexual intercourse and HIV-1 infection. 166 71

Comprehensive surveillance is necessary for effective and efficient primary prevention as well as appropriate resource allocation for patient care. The surveillance of HIV-1 infections and AIDS in England and Wales is based upon voluntary confidential reporting by clinicians of AIDS cases and deaths in HIV-1 infected persons without AIDS, monitoring of named HIV-1 tests through laboratory reports and a special collaborative laboratory study. In addition an unlinked anonymous HIV-1 prevalence monitoring programme has been developed recently to provide a more accurate picture of the evolving epidemic.
CDR (Lond Engl Rev) 1991 Apr 26
PMID:The surveillance of HIV-1 infection and AIDS in England and Wales. PHLS AIDS Centre. 166 74

Results are presented from unlinked anonymous HIV-1 testing of specimens collected during 1990 from 8996 genito-urinary medicine clinic attenders, 1421 injecting drug users, and 69,091 pregnant women. One-fifth of homo/bisexual men attending London genito-urinary medicine clinics were infected with HIV-1. The figure was 4% outside London. The prevalence of HIV-1 infection among male heterosexual attenders at genito-urinary medicine clinics who were not known to have injected drugs, was 1% in London and 0.2% outside London. Women attending genito-urinary medicine clinics in London, who were not known to have injected drugs had a prevalence of HIV-1 infection of 0.2% (1 in 440). None of 2045 women attending genito-urinary medicine clinics outside the Thames regions was found to be infected with HIV-1 although one woman was infected with HIV-2. The prevalence rate for HIV-1 infection in injecting drug users was 1.1%. Of those who began injecting between 1986 and 1990, however, 22% had evidence of hepatitis B infection. The prevalence of HIV-1 infection among pregnant women receiving antenatal care was 0.19% (1 in 515) in inner London, 0.07% (1 in 1440) in the rest of the Thames regions and 1 in 16,000 in another region of the country. Two pregnant women, one in inner London and one elsewhere in the Thames regions, were infected with HIV-2. The data suggest that, so far, the epidemic has concentrated among homo/bisexual males, injecting drug users and persons attending genito-urinary medicine clinics, especially in the London area. There are indications that the prevalence of HIV-1 infection is increasing among heterosexuals in inner London.
CDR (Lond Engl Rev) 1991 Jun 21
PMID:The unlinked anonymous HIV prevalence monitoring programme in England and Wales: preliminary results. 166 80

The high affinity binding site for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope glycoprotein gp120 resides within the amino-terminal domain (D1) of CD4. Mutational and antibody epitope analyses have implicated the region encompassing residues 40-60 in D1 as the primary binding site for gp120. Outside of this region, a single residue substitution at position 87 abrogates syncytium formation without affecting gp120 binding. We describe two groups of CD4 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) which recognize distinct epitopes associated with these regions in D1. These mAbs distinguish between the gp120 binding event and virus infection and virus-induced cell fusion. One cluster of mAbs, which bind at or near the high affinity gp120 binding site, blocked gp120 binding to CD4 and, as expected, also blocked HIV infection of CD4+ cells and virus-induced syncytium formation. A second cluster of mAbs, which recognize the CDR-3 like loop, did not block gp120 binding as demonstrated by their ability to form ternary complexes with CD4 and gp120. Yet, these mAbs strongly inhibited HIV infection of CD4+ cells and HIV-envelope/CD4-mediated syncytium formation. The structure of D1 has recently been solved at atomic resolution and in its general features resembles IgVk regions as predicted from sequence homology and mAb epitopes. In the D1 structure, the regions recognized by these two groups of antibodies correspond to the C'C" (Ig CDR2) and FG (Ig CDR3) hairpin loops, respectively, which are solvent-exposed beta turns protruding in two different directions on a face of D1 distal to the D2 domain. This face is straddled by the longer BC (Ig CDR1) loop which bisects the plain formed by C'C'' and FG. This structure is consistent with C'C'' and FG forming two distinct epitope clusters within D1. We conclude that the initial interaction between gp120 and CD4 is not sufficient for HIV infection and syncytium formation and that CD4 plays a critical role in the subsequent virus-cell and cell-cell membrane fusion events. We propose that the initial binding of CD4 to gp120 induces conformational changes in gp120 leading to subsequent interactions of the FG loop with other regions in gp120 or with the fusogenic gp41 potion of the envelope gp160 glycoprotein.
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PMID:A region in domain 1 of CD4 distinct from the primary gp120 binding site is involved in HIV infection and virus-mediated fusion. 170 42

The World Health Organization and the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease published two joint statements on tuberculosis (TB). The first statement confirms that HIV infection is the most potent factor promoting the development of TB in people infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The lifetime risk of developing TB is estimated to be at least 50% for co-infected people. TB in this group is thought to result largely from the reactivation of previously acquired infection, but re-infection may be important in populations with a high prevalence of TB. Chemoprophylaxis, usually with isoniazid, prevents the development of TB in all patients infected with M. tuberculosis, whether or not they are also infected with HIV. The second joint statement is aimed at developing countries and follows UK and US guidelines for preventing the transmission of TB in health care settings. Essentially, patients with confirmed or suspected infectious TB should be isolated until they are no longer infectious or the diagnosis is revised; risks should be minimized to patients, health care workers, and laboratory staff during procedures producing aerosols; TB isolation rooms should be safely and effectively ventilated to the outside of buildings; and all immunocompromised patients and health care workers should be protected from exposure to patients with infectious TB.
Commun Dis Rep CDR Wkly 1994 Feb 25
PMID:Joint statements on preventing tuberculosis. 751 35

In October 1994, 145 new cases of AIDS were reported in the UK, bringing to 10,000 the total reported from 1982 to October 31, 1994 (68% have died). The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that more than 17 million people have been infected with the virus worldwide. There are regional differences in which subgroups are primarily affected. In most parts of the world, homosexuals and IV drug users are the predominant group, but in sub-Saharan Africa, the most common mode of transmission is through heterosexual intercourse. In this region, the infection has spread widely and rapidly, with prevalence exceeding 10% in Uganda and Zambia today. In the Republic of South Africa, data from prenatal clinics suggest that the prevalence of HIV has increased threefold from 1990 to 1992. In Thailand, prevalence rates of 20% have been reported among military recruits. The WHO estimates that by the year 2000, 30-40 million people will have been infected with HIV (90% in developing countries), and over 5 million children will have been orphaned by the disease. The sharpest increase is predicted to occur in Asia (from 2.5 to 8 million).
Commun Dis Rep CDR Wkly 1994 Nov 18
PMID:AIDS and HIV-1 infection worldwide. 753 95

This paper summarises the response of a district health authority, in March 1993, to the diagnosis of AIDS in a consultant obstetrician/gynaecologist. A helpline was established, facilities to test for HIV antibody were arranged, and patients upon whom the infected doctor had performed surgical procedures in the preceding 10 years were identified from local records. Letters were sent to patients who did not contact the helpline, with advice and the offer of HIV antibody testing. A total of 4594 National Health Service and private patients of the obstetrician/gynaecologist were identified, 1206 of whom (26%) were tested for HIV antibody. A further patient, who had other identified risks for HIV infection, had been known to be positive for anti-HIV since 1992. An additional 475 people who had not been treated by the doctor asked to be tested as a result of the publicity given to the incident. The estimated cost to the health authority of this patient notification exercise was 150,100 pounds.
Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 1995 Jan 06
PMID:Response to news that an obstetrician/gynaecologist has AIDS. 753 70

We have examined laboratory reports of toxoplasmosis received by the PHLS Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre between January 1981 and December 1992 in order to describe epidemiological trends in the three main clinical manifestations of toxoplasmosis-lymphadenopathy, eye disease, and neurological disease; and the two most important risk groups-fetuses and people whose immunity is impaired. The total numbers of reports each year did not change significantly between 1981 and 1992 and were similar to the numbers between 1976 and 1980, but different trends emerged in each subgroup. Reports of acute lymphadenopathic toxoplasmosis declined in children and young adults and eye disease associated with toxoplasmosis fell markedly in all age groups. Reports of neurological disease and severe toxoplasmosis complicating impaired immunity, due mainly to HIV infection or transplant surgery, rose. Reports of infections diagnosed in pregnancy rose steeply in the late 1980s although reports of congenital toxoplasmosis were no more common than in 1975 to 1980. Reports of acute toxoplasmosis came mainly from southern England. The emergence of these diverse trends from apparently unchanging totals emphasises the importance of surveillance systems capable of discrimination.
Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 1995 Feb 03
PMID:Toxoplasmosis in England and Wales 1981 to 1992. 753 18

Injecting drug users who share equipment may transmit and acquire bloodborne virus infections, including HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus. Even without sharing, injection with non-sterile equipment, drugs, or mixing agents may result in infection due to bacteria or fungi. Estimates of the number of people who are currently at risk of infection from injecting drug use are needed in order to plan services and care, and to interpret surveillance data. This paper examines the data from registries of drug use and two recent surveys of the general population from which estimates of the number of current injecting drug users in England and Wales have been derived. Drug registries include only those whose drug use is identified during contact with drug or medical services, so these sources provide minimum estimates but may be used to monitor trends: 25,706 drug users in England and Wales were notified to the Home Office in 1993, 12,253 of whom were current injectors. Estimates derived from surveys of the general population suggest, however, that between 51,900 (95% confidence interval (CI): 33,000-71,600) and 77,700 (95% CI: 4100-151,200) people in England and Wales are at risk of infection from current injecting drug use, of whom between 10,400 (95% CI: 7200-13,800) and 15,500 (95% CI: 800-30,200) are at risk of bloodborne virus infections as a result of sharing injecting equipment. In the 16 to 34 year age group about one in 200 men, and one in 400 to 500 women may be current injectors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 1995 Mar 03
PMID:How many people in England and Wales risk infection from injecting drug use? 753 91


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