Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In 1986, Kansas Department of Health and Environment reported 3808 children either had an illegitimate child, had an induced abortion, or had AIDS or another sexually transmitted disease (STD). Using spermicidal latex condoms can effectively prevent all of the above. The favorable cost/benefit ratio for these condoms should reveal to Kansas physicians that they should promote increased public health education on these condoms. Latex condoms prelubricated with the spermicide nonoxynol 9 provide primary prevention of HIV transmission by catching ejaculated sperm, prohibiting passage of HIV and large lymphocytes, immediately decreasing the number of active sperm, quickly inactivating HIV, and destroying lymphocytes. A study revealed that the percentage of active sperm in semen 30 seconds after ejaculation was 10.3% when a nonoxynol 9 latex condom was used as opposed to 55.9% in a nonspermicidal condom. After 120 seconds, the percentage decreased remarkably to 1.5% when a nonoxynol 9 latex condom was used and decreased marginally to 50.2% with a nonspermicidal condom. Another study demonstrated that only a .05% concentration of nonoxynol 9 ( 100 times more dilute than the 5 or more % concentration in spermicidal condoms' lubricant) rapidly inactivated HIV and decreased the viability of HIV infected lymphocytes. Other studies indicated that these condoms also protected against other STDs. In 1 study, the contraceptive user failure rate of spermicidal condoms was .83% which is much lower than user failure rates of 10% for nonspermicidal condoms and 2% for commonly used oral contraceptives (OCs). Nonoxynol 9 increased protection in the event the condom leaks or slips off. Condoms and spermicides have lower mortality risks than do illegal and legal abortions, IUDs, and OCs.
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PMID:Spermicidal condoms. 338 23

The first "real-life" controlled trial of the spermicide Nonoxynol 9 (N-9) has indicated that N-9 may be ineffective in reducing rates of HIV, gonorrhea, or chlamydia. Also, there is concern that since N-9 causes vaginal irritation, it may increase the chances of developing infections or possibly increase HIV risk. The lack of firm evidence about N-9's potency in preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases is causing some researchers to suggest it not be used. Other researchers suggest that there is a hint of efficacy, so using N-9 may be better than using nothing at all.
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PMID:Trial shows Nonoxynol 9 efficacy is questionable. 1136 72

Developing countries are a breeding ground for research, especially for infectious diseases and HIV. On one hand, due to the prevalence of these diseases in this part of the world, and on the other, due to its needs in terms of research, disease prevention and heath care. The actions taken in the fight against HIV infection over the past years, considering that the urgent state of the health care situation has been a sensitive issue for ethical deviation evident in the following examples: Nonoxynol 9 trial (1996-1999) in Cameroon; Tenofovir trial (2003-2005) in Cameroon; Trials of fusion inhibitors in Latin America. No sanctions were imposed due to these deviations, and there was no possibility of recourse. What can these poor states do faced with health care emergencies, the extreme vulnerability of these populations and the big powerful pharmaceutical companies whose turnover or even profits are higher than the GDP of these countries? It is of the utmost importance that an international court of appeal be established to handle litigation regarding research related issues and the fair sharing of the profits resulting from research. The protection of vulnerable populations and the strict respect of ethical rules can only be implemented to the fullest if sanctions are applied to abusers.
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PMID:[Research ethics and developing countries]. 1846 83