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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The skin-specific immune surveillance system protects against invading microorganisms and transformed cells expressing tumor-specific neoantigens. This system includes antigen-presenting Langerhans cells, dermal and epidermal T lymphocytes, cytokine-producing keratinocytes, and draining peripheral lymph nodes. In patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), this surveillance system appears to be compromised, as evidenced by a reduction in the epidermal Langerhans cell population. Because human epidermal Langerhans cell express surface-bound CD4 antigens, HLA-DR antigens, and Fc-IgG receptors, all of which are involved in HIV-1 binding to, or entry into, the target cell, the reduction in Langerhans cells in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex (ARC) may be a direct consequence of HIV-1 infection and subsequent injury to Langerhans cells. Detailed ultrastructural studies have confirmed moderate to severe morphologic damage in some Langerhans cells of such patients and the presence of HIV-1-like particles on Langerhans cell surface membranes and in the extracellular spaces. The biologic consequences of Langerhans cell infection by HIV-1 could be either impaired antigen presentation function of viable Langerhans cells or possible transmission of the retrovirus to the T-cell compartment in skin or lymph nodes, with subsequent depletion of CD4+ T cells via widespread syncytia formation between HIV-1-infected and noninfected cells. The facts that herpes simplex virus, specific cytokines, and ultraviolet B radiation can activate signals for HIV-1 expression and that epidermal cells can elaborate large amounts of cytokines, particularly with enhanced ultraviolet B exposure, may have important clinical implications for HIV-1-infected patients.
J Am Acad Dermatol 1990 Jun
PMID:Langerhans cells in HIV-1 infection. 219 48

As more is learned about the human immunodeficiency viruses HIV-1 and HIV-2, increasingly sophisticated methods of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) treatment and prevention may be implemented. Integral to an understanding of these viruses is an analysis of both the viral antigens and the host-immune responses to these antigens, which may differ from HIV-1 to HIV-2. Because levels of both antigen and antibody vary throughout disease development, knowledge of how and why such changes occur will lend insight into viral pathogenic mechanisms and will facilitate the development of differential diagnostic tests for classifying AIDS patients and their disease states. This task becomes very complex when dealing with HIV viruses because they possess an unprecedented number of regulatory genes for members of the retrovirus family.
J Am Acad Dermatol 1990 Jun
PMID:Antigenic characterization of the human immunodeficiency viruses. 219 47

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in children has emerged as a major, rapidly growing public health problem. The majority of children become infected by perinatal transmission of the virus from an infected mother. The disease is frequently associated with progressive neurologic dysfunction and with opportunistic infections. The cutaneous manifestations of pediatric HIV infection include a wide variety of fungal, bacterial, and viral infections of the skin. These diseases tend to be less responsive to conventional therapies than in the healthy child. In addition, severe seborrheic dermatitis, vasculitis, and drug eruptions are sometimes signs of HIV infection.
J Am Acad Dermatol 1990 Jun
PMID:HIV infection in children. 219 50

At least 60% of patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) develop neurologic disorders. These may be the direct result of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, opportunistic infections, neoplastic disorders, or cerebrovascular complications. Neurologic diseases associated with HIV infection include encephalopathy, aseptic meningitis, vacuolar myelopathy, peripheral neuropathy, and myopathy. The pathogenesis of these diseases is not known, but it is likely that they will differ. There is evidence that HIV is the etiologic agent of HIV-associated meningitis and subacute encephalitis, but to date there is little evidence to implicate HIV directly as the cause of vacuolar myelopathy, peripheral neuropathies, and myopathies. The results of preliminary clinical studies suggest that treatment with zidovudine (Retrovir) may cause improvement in some patients.
J Am Acad Dermatol 1990 Jun
PMID:Neurologic disorders associated with HIV infections. 219 51

The immunodeficient state that evolves in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) appears to increase their risk of certain types of cancer. Among these are primary lymphoma of the central nervous system, undifferentiated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, squamous cell carcinoma, anorectal carcinoma, and cutaneous malignancies. These malignancies are similar in incidence to those seen in other immunodeficient patients. Lymphoma, in particular, is associated with a more aggressive disease state. In HIV-infected patients, the disease is usually diagnosed at a more advanced stage, frequently has extranodal involvement, and usually responds poorly to chemotherapy. Viruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus and papillomavirus, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of lymphoma and other malignancies in immunosuppressed patients, including those with HIV infection.
J Am Acad Dermatol 1990 Jun
PMID:Lymphoma and other HIV-associated malignancies. 219 54

The skin is commonly affected in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Viral, bacterial, fungal, and protozoal infections and ectoparasitic infestations may affect the skin primarily or secondarily in this patient population. In addition, common inflammatory dermatoses may be severe and persistent. Furthermore, unusual inflammatory conditions not commonly seen in immunocompetent patients may occur. The more common opportunistic infectious diseases, as well as some of the inflammatory dermatoses, in patients with HIV infection are discussed. By recognizing these conditions, patients with HIV infection can be more readily identified and treated.
J Am Acad Dermatol 1990 Jun
PMID:Cutaneous manifestations of HIV infection other than Kaposi's sarcoma: clinical and histologic aspects. 219 55

The replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can be suppressed in vivo by drugs chosen on the basis of their selective in vitro antiviral activity. Such suppression can confer prolonged survival and improved quality of life in patients with already established HIV infection. The clinical benefits indicate that targeted therapy for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome based on the emerging knowledge of replicative cycle of HIV is an attainable goal.
J Am Acad Dermatol 1990 Jun
PMID:Antiviral therapy against HIV infection. 219 56

Pathogenesis of Granuloma Annulare is not resolved. In some Authors' opinion it is caused by an allergic granulomatous reaction to an unknown dermal antigen. Presence of Granuloma Annulare in patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection questions this hypothesis. We present two cases of such association and review eleven patients previously described in the literature. Clinical and histological findings suggest that the cell mediate immune response is not the dominant pathogenetic event, especially in cases of altered cell-mediated immunity.
G Ital Dermatol Venereol 1990 Feb
PMID:[Annular granuloma in HIV positive patients]. 219 37

Aspects of sexually transmitted diseases (STDS) peculiar to the developing countries in South America and sub-Saharan Africa are discussed. The most common STD infections are N. Gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, T. pallidum and T. vaginalis. Vertical transmission, particularly of syphilis among prostitutes, and of Chlamydia and gonorrhea after ophthalmia neonatorum, are common. Chlamydia is also a common respiratory tract infection in African neonates. Late complications of STDs, infertility and ectopic pregnancy, and particularly pelvic inflammatory disease, are responsible for a high proportion of hospitalizations. Antibiotic resistant gonorrhea strains are common, a result of poorly managed antibiotic treatment. Genital ulcer diseases (GUD), which predispose to HIV infections, are more common in Africa than in developed countries, not only herpes but chancroid, donovanosis and lymphogranuloma venereum. Chancroid, caused by Haemophilus ducreyi, causes 36-49% of ulcers in 2 reports. The L1-L3 strains of Chlamydia trachomatis cause lymphogranuloma venereum, the agent responsible for ulcers in 3.6-6.1% of 2 clinic populations. HIV infections have an equal sex ratio in Africa, with a younger age incidence in women and a high vertical transmission rate, while in Latin America, bisexual men, and increasingly, heterosexual transmission by intravenous drug users is reported. There is also an HIV-2 virus, whose virulence is in question, common in West Africa.
Semin Dermatol 1990 Jun
PMID:The epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases in Africa and Latin America. 220 6

Since the first reports of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 1981, many dermatological conditions have been reported to occur more commonly in people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Acute HIV infection may first present as a skin eruption; the onset of immunosuppression after years of infection with HIV may be heralded by the development of various viral, fungal, bacterial, papulosquamous, or neoplastic eruptions. HIV disease often presents first to dermatologists who must be aware of subtle presentations and the possibility of underlying HIV infection--as well as alert to danger signals that indicate the need for urgent treatment or referral.
Semin Dermatol 1990 Jun
PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus infection: a survey with special emphasis on mucocutaneous manifestations. 220 13


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