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Query: UMLS:C0019693 (HIV)
 170,526 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Anthropometric measurements and dietary intakes of male drug addicts (n = 62), infected (n = 23) or not infected (n = 39) with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), who underwent two phases of detoxification (P1:15 d to 1 mo and P2: 5-6 mo) were assessed. Body weight, weight gain during detoxification, height, body mass index, and ideal body weight were measured. A prospective food-record questionnaire was compiled and energy and nutrient contents of ingested food were determined. Food intakes were compared with dietary recommendations for the Spanish population. At the time of the study, all patients had substantial weight gains, mostly in P1. Nutrient consumption was lower in P2 (energy, protein, and lipids) and in groups not infected with HIV. In P2, lipid intake was higher in the HIV-positive than in the HIV-negative group (P < 0.05, Student's t test). Moreover, an interactive effect of HIV by phase was shown for lipid intake (P = 0.04, two-way analysis of variance). Magnesium, folate, and vitamin E intakes were lower than recommended in nearly all patients. Energy, zinc, riboflavin, and vitamin B-6 intakes were lower than recommended or were borderline. HIV infection did not have a negative effect on anthropometric measurements or on nutrient intakes. The anthropometric assessment may suggest an adequate recovery of the indexes measured in all patients, which principally took place during P1. Measurement of nutrient intakes showed certain imbalances and deficits that should be corrected.
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PMID:Effects of human immunodeficiency virus infection and detoxification time on anthropometric measurements and dietary intake of male drug addicts. 925 Jan 40

Vitamin E is an important lipid soluble antioxidant that has a number of crucial functions including protecting lipids from oxidative damage. It also may play an important role in enhancing the immune response in subjects with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. The current study measured the serum level of vitamin E in 121 HIV seropositive subjects with no prior pulmonary complications. Although the mean level was normal at 9.0 +/- 0.5 microg/ml, 22.3% of the subjects had a deficient level of less than 5 microg/ml. In addition, 42 subjects were studied longitudinally and serum vitamin E levels were determined at baseline and 12 months later. The mean serum vitamin E level in this group significantly decreased after 12 months compared with baseline levels (5.9 +/- 0.5 microg/ml compared with 9.6 +/- 0.9 microg/ml, p = 0.001). The CD4 counts also were significantly decreased after 12 months (460.6 +/- 36.0 cells/mm3 versus 390.5 +/- 37.7 cells/mm3, p = 0.032). No significant correlations were observed between the decrease in serum vitamin E and the change in CD4 count, body mass index (BMI), or serum albumin levels over the 12-month period. In conclusion, a significant portion of HIV-seropositive subjects have a deficiency in serum vitamin E early in the course of their disease. Furthermore, there is a significant decrease in serum vitamin E levels in these subjects over 12 months.
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PMID:Serum vitamin E decreases in HIV-seropositive subjects over time. 934 89

In HIV infected patients, the increase of the concentration of free radicals is related to: a depletion of protective system (glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, vitamin E, selenium ...), and an increased production of free radicals (superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxil radical) consecutive to the activation of lymphocytes and phagocyting cells, the chronic inflammation, the increased polyinsatured fatty acids concentration and lipoperoxidation, and direct or indirect effect of several pathologic agents including Mycoplasma sp. This free radical excess could impair cell membranes and generate apoptosis, the main cause of lymphocytes CD4+ depletion. After a brief review of the free radicals synthesis pathway, their potential deleterious effects and the protective systems, the role of free radicals in the pathogenesis of HIV infection are discussed in regard to data reported in the literature.
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PMID:[Free radicals and HIV infection]. 975 55

Individuals with acquired immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) present a variety of pathologic alterations that influence their nutritional status during various stages of the disease. Previous studies have reported a reduction in plasma vitamin E levels in these patients associated with a higher production of free radicals. Individuals with infection, fever, or acute diarrhea excrete considerable amounts of vitamin A in urine. This observation raised the hypothesis that this may also be the case for vitamin E and that its urinary excretion may play a significant role in the reduction of plasma vitamin E levels. In the present investigation, 28 serologically positive HIV-1 (HIV group) divided into a group of 16 patients with AIDS (< 200/mm3 CD4+ T lymphocytes) were studied. The control group consisted of 11 healthy individuals. Urinary and plasma vitamin E levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Patients with AIDS presented reduced plasma vitamin E levels (15.25 +/- 12.19 mumol/L) compared with the HIV (26.40 +/- 17.01 mumol/L) and control (40.03 +/- 31.80 mumol/L) groups. On the other hand, urinary excretion was higher in the AIDS group (0.86 +/- 0.99 mumol/24 h) than in the HIV group (0.62 +/- 0.46 mumol/24 h) and considerably higher than in the control group (0.05 +/- 0.13 mumol/24 h). These results indicate elevated vitamin E excretion in the urine of both patients with AIDS and patients with HIV-1, levels is recommended for patients with HIV and patients with AIDS and, if necessary, the combination of existing medical therapy with vitamin supplementation to maintain the nutritional status related to vitamin E.
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PMID:Urinary excretion and plasma vitamin E levels in patients with AIDS. 961 5

Inverse correlations have been found in most studies on the relationship between dietary intake and plasma concentrations of carotenoids on one side and degenerative diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases on the other side. Protective effects of carotenoids have been found for pathologies of the retina and the skin. Concentrations of these molecules in blood are lower in digestive pathologies and HIV. Short- and long-term toxicity of carotenoids was found to be low. In combination with the beneficial effects found for diets rich in carotenoids, this has initiated trials with relatively high doses of carotenoid supplements. In the study in Linxian (China) in a rural population with poor nutritional status, supplementation with beta-carotene, zinc, selenium and vitamin E lowered total mortality and mortality from stomach cancer. Other studies (ATBC, Caret.) on well-fed subjects did not show beneficial effects on mortality from cancer and cardiovascular diseases. On the contrary, higher mortality and lung cancer incidence was found in supplemented subjects that were also exposed to asbestos and cigarette smoke. In these studies, doses of supplemental beta-carotene were high and varied from 20 to 50 mg/day. One still ongoing study, called Suvimax, doses subjects for eight years with a cocktail of vitamins and minerals including 6 mg per day of beta-carotene. This supplementation with physiologically seen more "normal" doses might give clarity on the question if beta-carotene is the protective factor in fruits and vegetables.
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PMID:[Carotenoids: 2. Diseases and supplementation studies]. 1037 77

Hepatitis C is emerging as a serious worldwide problem. In the United States the current mortality figures may triple in the next ten years, rivaling HIV. The disease has a latency of 10-30 years and symptoms or signs may not appear until cirrhosis is evident. Adequate diagnosis, including liver biopsy, is essential in assessing the current stage of the viral infection and the need for treatment. Hepatitis C may manifest as hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, lichen planus, glomerulonephritis, mixed cryoglobulinemia, or porphyria. The hepatic damage is due both to the cytopathic effect of the virus and the inflammatory changes secondary to immune activation. The use of the botanical components glycyrrhizin, catechin, silymarin and phytosterols, and the antioxidants N-acetylcysteine and vitamin E are reviewed for their efficacy in treating chronic hepatitis and affecting liver damage.
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PMID:Hepatitis C: epidemiology and review of complementary/alternative medicine treatments. 1046 47

This study was undertaken to assess the maternal and umbilical cord serum vitamin A, E levels at delivery and mother-to-child transmission in nonsupplemented vitamin A, E HIV-1 infected parturients who received short-course zidovudine therapy. Maternal and umbilical cord serum vitamin A, E levels were quantitated by high-performance liquid chromatography in 67 HIV-1 infected parturients who received short-course zidovudine therapy. Mother-to-child transmission occurred in 13.4 per cent of HIV-1 infected parturients. There were no significant differences in the mean concentrations of vitamin A, E and vitamin E/cholesterol ratio between parturients with HIV-1 infected and non-infected infants. While maternal serum vitamin E level was adequate, nearly one-third of the parturients in the study had vitamin A deficiency. In conclusion our study has shown that there was no correlation between maternal serum vitamin A, E levels and mother-to-child HIV transmission in HIV-1 infected parturients who received short-course zidovudine therapy. However, the presence of underlying vitamin A deficiency in these parturients was common, adequate and intensive maternal-infant nutritional support should be emphasized especially in developing countries as an adjunctive measure in the reduction of mother-to-child transmission of HIV as well as the reduction in maternal and perinatal morbidity.
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PMID:Maternal and umbilical cord serum vitamin A, E levels and mother-to-child transmission in the non-supplemented vitamin A, E HIV-1 infected parturients with short-course zidovudine therapy. 1056 44

There is compelling evidence that micronutrient deficiencies can profoundly affect immunity; micronutrient deficiencies are widely seen in HIV, even in asymptomatic patients. Direct relationships have been found between deficiencies of specific nutrients, such as vitamins A and B12, and a decline in CD4 counts. Deficiencies appear to influence vertical transmission (vitamin A) and may affect progression to AIDS (vitamin A, B12, zinc). Correction of deficiencies has been shown to affect symptoms and disease manifestation (AIDS dementia complex and B12; diarrhea, weight loss, and zinc), and certain micronutrients have demonstrated a direct anti-viral effect in vitro (vitamin E and zinc). The previous article in this series focused on selenium and beta carotene deficiencies in HIV/AIDS. This literature review elucidates how deficiencies of the micronutrients zinc, magnesium, vitamins A, E, and specific B vitamins relate to HIV symptomology and progression, and clearly illustrates the need for nutritional supplementation in HIV disease.
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PMID:Nutrients and HIV: part two--vitamins A and E, zinc, B-vitamins, and magnesium. 1069 18

Various approaches are being developed for virus inactivation of red blood cell concentrates (RBCC) in order to increase the safety of the blood supply. We have been studying the silicon phthalocyanine Pc 4 for this purpose, a photosensitizer activated with red light. Pc 4 targets the envelope of pathogenic viruses such as HIV. To protect RBC during the process two main approaches are used: (i) inclusion of quenchers of reactive oxygen species produced during the treatment. Tocopherol succinate was found to be most effective for this purpose; (ii) formulation of Pc 4, a lipophilic compound, in liposomes that reduce its binding to RBC but not to viruses. As a light source we used a light emitting diode array emitting at 670-680 nm. An efficient mixing device ensures homogenous light exposure during treatment of intact RBCC. Treatment of 50 ml RBCC with 5 microM Pc 4 and 18 J/cm(2) light results in the inactivation of > or = 5.5 log(10) HIV, > or = 6.3 log(10), VSV and > or = 5 log(10) of PRV and BVDV. The relative sensitivities of these viruses based on the slope of virus kill versus light dose are 1.0, 1.25, 1.5 and 1.9 for HIV, VSV, PRV and BVDV, respectively. To achieve the same level of virus inactivation in 350 ml RBCC, the light dose needed is 40 J/cm(2). HIV actively replicating in CEM cells is as sensitive as cell-free and HIV in latently infected cells is 3-4 times more sensitive. Parasites that can be transmitted by blood transfusion (P. falciparum and T. cruzi) are even more sensitive than viruses. Following treatment, RBCC can be stored for 28 days at 4 degrees C with haemolysis below 1%. Previous studies under less favourable conditions showed that baboon RBC circulated with an acceptable 24 hr recovery and half-life. Genetic toxicological studies of Pc 4 with or without light exposure (mutagenicity in bacteria, mammalian cells in vitro and clastogenicity in vivo) were negative. We conclude that a process using Pc 4 and red light can potentially reduce the risk of transmitting pathogens in RBCC.
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PMID:Photochemical decontamination of red blood cell concentrates with the silicon phthalocyanine PC 4 and red light. 1079 2

We assessed oxidative stress in three different clinical conditions: smoking, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and inflammatory bowel disease, using breath alkane output and other lipid peroxidation parameters such as plasma lipid peroxides (LPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Antioxidant micronutrients such as selenium, vitamin E, C, beta-carotene and carotenoids were also measured. Lipid peroxidation was significantly higher and antioxidant vitamins significantly lower in smokers compared to nonsmokers. Beta-carotene or vitamin E supplementation significantly reduced lipid peroxidation in that population. However, vitamin C supplementation had no effect. In HIV-infected subjects, lipid peroxidation parameters were also elevated and antioxidant vitamins reduced compared to seronegative controls. Vitamin E and C supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation with a trend toward a reduction in viral load. In patients with inflammatory bowel disease, breath alkane output was also significantly elevated when compared to healthy controls. A trial with vitamin E and C is underway. In conclusion, breath alkane output, plasma LPO and MDA are elevated in certain clinical conditions such as smoking, HIV infection, and inflammatory bowel disease. This is associated with lower levels of antioxidant micronutrients. Supplementation with antioxidant vitamins significantly reduced these lipid peroxidation parameters. The results suggest that these measures are good markers for lipid peroxidation.
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PMID:Breath alkanes as a marker of oxidative stress in different clinical conditions. 1080 18


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